PASS Review

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PASS Review
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Stone Age Periods

• Old Stone Age -gt Paleolithic
• hunters and gatherers
• nomad -gt no permanent home
• stone tools
• and weapons
• cave art /
• NO written records

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STONE AGE PERIODS

• New Stone Age -gt Neolithic
• man lived in larger groups
• AGRICULTURE BEGAN
• DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS
• SURPLUS CROPS
• SPECIALIZATION OF
• JOBS

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Mans Migration out of Africa
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Mans Migration into the Americas
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FIRST CIVILIZATIONS!!

• RIVER VALLEY
• CIVILIZATIONS
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• China
• India

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River Valley Civilizations
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Mesopotamia

• In the FERTILE CRESCENT
• Included Sumerian Babylonian Empires
• land between the rivers TIGRIS EUPHRATES
• Sargon -gt created FIRST EMPIRE
• Hammurabi -gt FIRST CODE OF LAWS
• Hammurabis Code of Laws
• Achievements wheel, ZIGGURAT (religious
  center) Hanging Gardens of Babylon, glass,
• WRITING CUNEIFORM

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Map of Fertile Crescent
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Map of Mesopotamia
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Sumerian Cuneiform
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Hammurabis Code of Laws
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ziggurat
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Judaism

• Began in Fertile Crescent in Canaan
• FIRST MONOTHEISTIC Religion
• begun by Abraham
• holy text Torah
• Ten Commandments
• Moses led Hebrews from Egypt to
• Canaan

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Torah
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Egypt

• Began along the NILE RIVER
• Menes -gt united Upper and Lower Egypt
• Khufu -gt (Cheops) Great Pyramid
• Hatshepsut -gt female pharaoh
• Tutankhamun -gt boy king, tomb found by Howard
  Carter
• architecture pyramids
• writing HIEROGLYPHICS on papyrus
• government pharaohs
• economy agriculture / FLOODING PRODUCED
• 
  RICH SILT
• religion polytheistic
• mummification

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Egypt

• Egypt

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hieroglyphics
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Great Pyramids of Giza
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India

• Began along the INDUS RIVER
• subcontinent of Asian Himalayas
• cut it off from the rest of the continent
• cities Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
• sometimes called Harappan Civilization
• writing SANSKRIT
• TWO religions began here HINDUISM
  BUDDHISM

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Indus River Valley
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Hinduism

• Polytheistic religion introduced by
• the Aryans
• Brahman supreme being
• holy text Vedas / Books of Knowledge
• CASTE SYSTEM different levels in society
• REINCARNATION cycle of birth, death, rebirth
• dharma laws and duties of Hindus

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Buddhism

• Founder Siddhartha Gautama
• the Buddha
• Beliefs Four Noble Truths (Suffering in Life)
• Middle Way
• Eightfold Path to reach Nirvana
• Reincarnation
• Karma end result of good bad acts
• NO caste system

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Four Noble Truths
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The Buddha
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China

• Began along HUANG RIVER or Yellow River (because
  of loess or silt)
• government dynasties
• Shang was the first
• Mandate of Heaven right to
• rule from the gods
• oracle bones predict the
• future

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China continued

• architecture Great Wall of China -gt built to
  keep out the Mongols
• tomb for Shihuangdi 1,000s of clay soldiers
  horses
• achievements SILK, Silk Road, seismograph, new
  type of rice, gunpowder, woodblock moveable type
• TWO religions began here Confucianism Taoism
  or Daoism

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Great Wall
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Shihuangdis Tomb
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Seismograph
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Silk Road
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Confucianism

• Founder Confucius
• Social order, harmony, and
• good government based
• on STRONG FAMILY
• RELATIONSHIPS
• 5 basic relationships
• Education important to
• society

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Taoism or Daoism

• Founder Laozi
• People should live simple
• lives in harmony with
• nature
• There should be little
• interference from the
• government

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Greece

• TWO important city-states -gt
• ATHENS SPARTA
• Architecture Parthenon in
• Athens / temple for the goddess
• Athena
• acropolis high hill in Greeks city-states
• Sparta military was important
• Olympic Games
• 7 Wonders of the Ancient World (man made)
• writing Greek alphabet / adopted from the
• 
  Phoenicians
• agora market place

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Ancient Greece
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The Parthenon
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Athens FIRST
DEMOCRACY in the world!! people have
a voice in the government
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Greece continued

• People / Know
• Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (SPA)
• philosophers
• Archimedes scientist mathematician
• developed concept of pi
• 
  
• Homer epic poems The Iliad The
• Odyssey
• Pericles rich poor had a part in the
  
• government / built Parthenon

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• Alexander the Great King of Macedonia
• conquered land in Europe, Africa, and Asia
• military political leader
  
• began the Hellenistic Age the Greek culture
  spread to other parts of the world

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Alexanders Empire
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Rome

• Created a large empire on 3
• continents Europe, Asia and Africa
• Two groups of citizens patricians (wealthy)
  plebeians (common)
• TWELVE TABLES first written laws for Rome
• Punic Wars Rome fought Carthage and won
• Pompeii buried by Mt. Vesuvius

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Rome continued

• Government REPUBLIC -gt people choose
  representatives to run the government
• senators patricians
• tribunes represented plebeians
• consuls 2 elected officials /were
• supreme judges and
• commanders of the
  military

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Roman Empire
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Rome continued

• People to know
• Julius Caesar made himself dictator
• assassinated by
  friends
• Augustus (Octavian) first emperor
• ruled during Pax Romana
• Constantine Byzantine Empire /
• Eastern Roman Empire
• allowed Christianity
• Two Roman Empires formed as Rome declined
• Western Roman Empire (Rome) fell first
• Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine)
• Constantinople lasted 1,000 more years

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Rome continued

• JUSTINIAN CODE created by Justinian of the
  Byzantine Empire-gt strict but fair laws which
  gave the same rights to everyone, rich or poor
• Achievements aqueducts, domes, arches,
  Pantheon, Colosseum, roads, alphabet, Roman
  numerals, Latin, laws, concrete, keystones, etc.

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Roman aqueduct
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Roman Colosseum
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keystones
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Christianity

• Religion begun during the time of the Roman
  Empire
• Founder Jesus
• Holy Text Bible
• Beliefs monotheistic
• People will gain salvation if
  they
• follow the teachings of Jesus
• Three largest groups Catholic, Protestant
• Eastern
  Orthodox

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Religion of Islam

• Founder Muhammad
• Holy Text Koran or Quran
• Islamic God Allah
• Five Pillars of Faith
• Faith in Muhammad and Allah
• Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca
• Almsgiving -gt give money to the poor
• Fast during the month of Ramadan
• Pilgrimage to Mecca once in lifetime

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Map of West Africa
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Geography of West Africa

• Climate Zones from north to south
• Mediterranean Sea
• Sahel shore of the Sahara Desert
• Sahara Desert (largest desert in the world)
• Savanna or grasslands (in the Sahel)
• Tropical Rainforest

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Sahel
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Sahara
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Notes KNOW THIS!!

• Ghana /Mali / Songhai
• great empires in West Africa south of the Sahara
  Desert and near to the Atlantic Ocean
• controlled GOLD SALT TRADE
• established vital TRADE ROUTES that connected
  West Africa, Europe, and Western Asia
• became wealthy by controlling these trade routes
  and charging taxes
• camel caravans were used along these trade routes
  because of the harsh desert climate
• Muslim Arab traders spread the religion of Islam
  into this area and it became the major religion
  in western and northern Africa

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Ghana

• GHANA -gt first great empire in WEST AFRICA
• -gtcontrolled gold salt
  trade
• resources included iron ore gold
• used the iron ore to make tools weapons
• used gold to trade with other nations
• MUSLIMS of North Africa were important trade
  partners with Ghana -gt Muslims brought horses,
  cloth SALT to trade with Ghana
• SALT-gt important to preserve food
• to stay healthy

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Mali

• A great TRADE EMPIRE
• TIMBUKTU -gt major trading city of Mali
• Trade with MUSLIMS was linked to the conversion
  of local people to the ISLAM religion
• Islamic influence was evident in government,
  education, architecture
• in west Africa

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Songhai

• the largest of the three west Africa Empires
• developed along the Niger River
• it became a rich nation because of the large
  GOLD-SALT trade routes between Arabia, North
  Africa, West Africa

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Mesoamerica

• First people came from Asia by way of BERINGIA -gt
  a land bridge that was formed during the Ice Age
  between Asia and North America
• Greatest civilizations in Mexico and Central
  America
• MAYAS AZTECS
• slash and burn agriculture / grew maize
• stone pyramids for religious purposes
• steles flat stones with glyphs (symbols)
• codex folding screen book
• conquered by Spanish Conquistadors

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Mesoamerica
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Aztec Capital CityTenochtitlan
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Chinampa Farming
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Mayan Pyramid
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stele
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codex
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Incas

• Lived in the Andes Mountains in South America
• Cities Machu Picchu Cuzco
• NO written language
• Quipu knotted cord used for record keeping
• Conquered by Spanish conquistadors

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Inca Terrace Farming
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Inca Roads14,000 Miles of Roads!!
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Inca Empire
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quipu
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Machu Picchu
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Adena

• All across the eastern United States are great
  mounds of earth. Some shaped like domes, some
  like cones, and some are built in the form of
  huge circles. The cultures that built these
  mounds are known as mound builders.
• One of the first groups of mound builders were
  called the Adena.
• The Adena culture developed in the Ohio River
  Valley but spread in all directions.
• The Adena thrived from 700 BC to 100 AD.

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Adena

• The mounds built by the Adena were burial mounds.
  
• At first they were small hills of dirt built over
  the graves of important people. As more people
  were buried in them, new layers of dirt were
  added and the mounds grew.
• The Adena were primarily hunters and gatherers
  but developed agriculture to supplement their
  supply of food.

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Hopewell

• The Hopewell thrived between 100 BC and 500 AD.
• The Hopewell also lived in some of the same
  places as the Adena did. This is probably why
  their cultures were so similar.
• However, the Hopewell spread over a far greater
  area. They also farmed and built more and larger
  mounds than the Adena.

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Mississippian Culture

• The Mississippian culture flourished after 700 AD
  in much the same place as the Hopewell.
• Like the Hopewell and Adena they built mounds
  however, they did not build burial mounds.
  Instead they built temple mounds.
• These mounds were usedfor religious and
  ceremonial purposes. Sometimes high
  rankingpriests lived on top of them.
• Cahokia is the
• largest temple mound site.

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Pueblo Anasazithe foundational civilization
of the Southwest

• The Anasazi is a Navajo word for the Ancient
  Ones.
• Anasazi culture thrived in the Southwest from 500
  AD to 1280. They flourished in the shadows of
  the rugged cliffs of the Chaco Canyon.
• They are thought to be the ancestors of todays
  Pueblo Indians.

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Pueblo Anasazi

• The Anasazi are known for their architecture.
• Around 750 BC they built pueblos, structures made
  of stone or adobe bricks. (Adobe is made from sun
  dried mud remember Mesopotamia?)
• One pueblo that still stands today is called
  Pueblo Bonito pretty village.
• It is five stories tall with 800 rooms. It could
  over house over 1,000 people!

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Middle Ages

• Also known as MEDIEVAL
• (Latin for middle)
• Period between AD 500-1400
• Between fall of the Roman Empire the Modern Age
• FEUDALISM-gtway of life during the Middle Ages
  based on ownership of land and loyalty

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Middle Ages continued

• Society
• King or monarch
• Lords
• Vassals lower lords
• Knights protected the land
• serfs or peasants worked the land
• MANORS lords estate / including castle,
  farmland, village
• GUILDS first workers unions of craftsmen /
  set rules on quality of products and prices of
  products

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Middle Ages continued

• MAGNA CARTA THE Great Charter which for the
  first time limited the power of a king and gave
  more power to the nobility
• King John I was forced to sign the Magna Carta

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knight castle
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King John signing the Magna Carta
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Medieval Guilds
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Japanese and European Feudal System

• JAPAN EUROPE
• Emperor King (Monarch)
• Shogun Lord (Noble)
• Daimyo Vassals
• Samurai Knights
• Serfs or Peasants---------------------?

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Shintoism

• Japanese religion based on nature

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Crusades

• HOLY WARS (1096-1272)
• Purpose to regain the Holy Lands (Palestine)
  from the Muslim Turks
• Outcome opened TRADE between Europe and Asia
• Important products that were traded SPICES,
  silk, linen, coffee, jewels, etc.

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Trade Items Included
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Bubonic Plaguefollowed Trade Routes from Asia
to Europe
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Renaissance1400-1600

• REBIRTH of Greek Roman
• Culture
• Began in FLORENCE, ITALY
• Focus on HUMANISM, secular belief on education
  and what the individual could achieve during
  his/her lifetime
• MEDICI family were PATRONS of the arts

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Renaissance People to Know

• Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa
• The Last
  Supper
• Michelangelo painted Sistine Chapel
• Johannes Gutenberg movable type
• 
  printing press
• Martin Luther protested ways of the
• Catholic Church
• began Protestantism
  

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Counter Reformation

• Once Martin Luther began the Protestant
  Reformation, the Catholic Church had to respond.
• The church created the Counter Reformation or the
  Catholic Reformation.
• The church tried to fix some of the problems and
  slow down the spread of Protestantism.
• Pope Paul III set up the Council of Trent as a
  reaction to the Reformation.

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Age of Exploration

• People began to explore to find an all water
  route to get to Asia to buy the products like
  spices and silk
• There was already a land route the Silk Road
• Portugal led the way
• Vasco da Gama-gt rounded Africa to get to
  Asia
• Columbus (sponsored by Spain) went west across
  the Atlantic Ocean to get to Asia
• Columbus called the natives Indians
  because he thought he was in the Indies
• He NEVER realized he discovered a New
• World
• Ferdinand Magellan-gt FIRST TO CIRCUMNAVIGATE the
  world

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Vasco da Gama
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Christopher Columbus
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Columbian Exchangethe transfer of goods and
diseases from Europe to the Americas and American
items back to Europe
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DONE!!I hope you do well on the PASS Test.