Optical Glucose Sensor

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Optical Glucose Sensor

• Yonathan Essaw

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Outline

• Explain Diabetes
• Treatment
• Problem
• Optical Glucose Sensors
• Fluorescence (luminescence)
• Boronic Acid
• Reaction Mechanism
• Conclusion and future research

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What is Diabetes?

• Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects the
  body's ability to produce or respond to insulin,
  the hormone that allows glucose to enter the
  body's cells and be stored or used for energy.
• Many diabetics require insulin injections, and
  all must carefully monitor and manage their blood
  glucose levels.

http//currents.ucsc.edu/03-04/03-15/glucose.html
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Type of Diabities

• Type 1 diabetes
• Juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes
• first diagnosed in children, teenagers, or young
  adults.
• the beta cells of the pancreas no longer make
  insulin because the body's immune system has
  attacked and destroyed them

• Type 2 diabetes
• Adult-onset diabetes or noninsulin-dependent
  diabetes
• usually begins with insulin resistance, a
  condition in which fat, muscle, and liver cells
  do not use insulin properly
• Being overweight and inactive increases the
  chances of developing type 2 diabetes.

• http//diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/type1and2/wh
  at.htm

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Treatment

• Type 1 diabetes
• Treatment for type 1 diabetes includes taking
  insulin shots or using an insulin pump, making
  wise food choices, being physically active,
  taking aspirin daily (for some), and controlling
  blood pressure and cholesterol.

• Type 2 diabetes
• Treatment for type 2 diabetes includes using
  diabetes medicines, making wise food choices,
  being physically active, taking aspirin daily,
  and controlling blood pressure and cholesterol.

http//diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/type1and2/wh
at.htm
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Problem

• For millions of diabetics, this means drawing
  blood several times a day, usually from finger
  pricks. But glucose levels can fluctuate widely
  throughout the day, making it difficult to know
  when to do the blood tests for optimal control of
  glucose levels.
• A device, such as the optical glucose sensor,
  that can provide continuous monitoring of blood
  sugar would sharply reduce the risk of long term
  complications, which includes blindness, hearth
  attack, and kidney failures.

http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/index.php?newsid6
673
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Optical Glucose Sensor

• A Glucose sensor is designed to automatically
  measure interstitial sugar every few minutes,
  without any user intervention.

http//www.mendosa.com/third_generation.htm
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Main Idea

• The Idea is that as the intensity of fluorescence
  varies, information is transmitted through radio
  waves by an implanted device equipped with both
  light source and a photodetector.
• Then the waves would be received by another
  device worn outside the body, and information
  regarding the individuals glucose level would
  trigger an alarm.

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Optical Glucose Sensor

• Glucose sensor uses a hydrogela polymer similar
  to contact lenses, that is permeable to glucose.
• A Fluorescent chemical compound is contained
  within a hydogel polymer for stabilization inside
  the body.
• The Hydrogel has multiple functionalities as a
  enzyme reservoir and a skin sensor, and
  maintaining osmotic gradient for glucose
  extraction form the skin.

http//www.sontra.com/pdfs/glumonihumanclinicalres
_pres_at_diabtechmeetingoct2004.pdf
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Optical Glucose Sensor

• The hydrogel polymer can be placed under the skin
  or in a major blood vessel. Along with th
  fluorescent dye, the sensor contains a molecule,
  called a quencher.
• Quencher acts as a kind of switch for the dye. In
  the absence of glucose, the quencher binds to the
  dye and prevents fluorescence. When glucose is
  present, the light shines brighter.

http//www.osa-opn.org/view_file.cfm?doc24)3C3
2FJ020200Aid242C23'J2020200A
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Fluorescenceluminescence

• (luminescence) A molecule absorbs a high-energy
  photon, and re-emits it as a lower-energy
  (longer-wavelength) photon. The energy difference
  between the absorbed and emitted photons ends up
  as molecular vibrations (heat).

http//www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/f/fl
/fluorescence.htm
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Fluorescence Sensors

• Fluorescence is a very sensitive technique, it is
  possible to detect single molecules. Fluorescent
  sensors for saccharides have been developed based
  on the interaction between a boronic acid and a
  diol.
• Fluorescent sensors based on the Lewis acid-base
  interaction between a boronic acid and fluoride
  ions have been devised.

http//www.bath.ac.uk/chemistry/james/
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Color changes

• The picture shows the visible color change
  observed on the addition of D-glucose to a
  solution of a boronic acid azo dye molecule

http//www.bath.ac.uk/chemistry/james/
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Boronic acid

• Boronic acid is a chemical compound that binds to
  sugar. We decided to go with a light source
  (fluorescence), because light is very sensitive.
  There are instruments that can measure one single
  photon, Singaram a researcher at UCSC said.

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Boronic Acid

• Laboratories around the country have been
  experimenting on Boronic acid-based, optical
  glucose sensor using fluorescence as a detection
  method.
• The use of the boronic acids as chelator groups
  for monosacharides has attracted increasing
  attention for the development of alternative
  approach in glucose monitoring .

http//www.osa-opn.org/view_file.cfm?doc24)3C3
2FJ020200Aid242C23'J2020200A
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Typically Used Systems
9-N-Methyl-N-(o-boronobenzyl)aminomethylanthra
cene
9,10-Bis N-methyl-N-(o- boronobenzyl)aminomethy
l anthracene
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Basic Mechanism
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Reaction Mechanism
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Reaction Mechanism
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Mechanism
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9,10-Bis N-methyl-N-(o- boronobenzyl)aminomethy
lanthracene
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Conclusion

• It is extremely important for humans to find ways
  of treatment for diabetes.
• An Instrument such as the Optical Glucose Sensors
  will make great impact on the fight against
  diabetes.
• Boronic acids based fluorescence sugar sensors
  can be designed selectively for glucose.

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Further Research

• Current research is directed towards the
  synthesis of thin film polymers that contain the
  sensing components for longer term stability.

http//www.chemistry.ucsc.edu/singaram/research2
0files/Optical20Glucose.htm
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Bibliography

• http//edcp.org/factsheets/aids.htmlhttp//chemist
  ry.about.com/library/weekly/aa031703a.htm
• http//www.chem.sc.edu/faculty/wang/overview.html
• http//pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v05/i05
  /html/05news3.html
• http//www.chemistry.ucsc.edu/singaram/research2
  0files/Optical20Glucose.htm
• http//cfs.umbi.umd.edu/cfs/reprints/New20Color2
  0Chemosensors.pdfsearch'boronic20acid20sensors
  20Diabetes
• http//diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/type1and2/wh
  at.htm
• http//www.betterhumans.com/Errors/index.aspx?aspx
  errorpath/Glowing_Sensor_May_Allow_Artificial_Pan
  creas.Article.2004-03-17-3.aspx
• http//cfs.umbi.umd.edu/cfs/reprints/New20Color2
  0Chemosensors.pdf
• http//www.bath.ac.uk/chemistry/james/
• file///C/Documents20and20Settings/libstu.SJCC_
  STU.001/Local20Settings/Temporary20Internet20Fi
  les/Content.IE5/8HST656D/269,23,Slide 23

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Yehaaaaaaam done

• Thank You