Revolutions in Russia

1
Revolutions in Russia

• Chapter 30, Section 1

2
Introduction

• The Russian Revolution was like a firecracker
  with a very long fuse. The explosion came in
  1917, yet the fuse had been burning for nearly a
  century. The cruel, oppressive rule of most
  19th-century czars caused widespread social
  unrest for decades. Army officers revolted in
  1825. Secret revolutionary groups plotted to
  overthrow the government.

3

• In 1881, revolutionaries angry over the slow pace
  of political change assassinated the
  reform-minded czar, Alexander II. Russia was
  heading toward a full-scale revolution.

4
Czars Resist Change
5
End to Reform

• In 1881, Alexander III becomes czar and ends the
  reforms of his father, Alexander II.
• Alexander III institutes autocratic rule,
  suppressing all opposition and decent.

6
Czars Continue Autocratic Rule

• Government censors written criticism secret
  police monitor schools
• Non-Russians living in Russia are treated harshly

7
Anti-Jewish Pogroms

• Jews become target of government backed pogroms
  (organized persecutions)
• Alexander III encourages Jewish emigration to the
  United States during this time. The musical
  Fiddler on the Roof is set in this era.

8

• In 1894, Nicholas II becomes czar and continues
  autocratic ways

9
Russia Industrializes
10
Rapid Industrialization

• Number of factories doubles between 1863 and
  1900, but Russia still lags behind other European
  countries.
• In late 1800s, new plan boosts steel production
  and a major railway begins

11
The Revolutionary Movement Grows

• Industrialization breeds discontent over working
  conditions and wages.
• Growing popularity of Marxist idea that
  proletariat (workers) will rule
• BolsheviksMarxists who favor revolution by a
  small committed group

12
Lenin

• LeninBolshevik leaderan excellent organizer and
  inspiring leader

13
Crisis at Home and Abroad
14
The Russo-Japanese War

• Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in the early
  1900s causes unrest in Russia.

15
Bloody Sunday The Revolution of 1905

• In 1905, 200,000 workers march on the czars
  palace to demand reforms
• The army fires into the crowd, killing many
• Massacre leads to widespread unrest Nicholas if
  forced to make reforms

16
The short lived Duma

• The Duma, Russias first parliament, meets in
  1906
• Czar is unwilling to share power, dissolves the
  Duma after only 10 weeks

17
World War I The Final Blow

• Heavy losses in World War I reveal governments
  weakness
• Nicholas goes to war front Czarina Alexandra
  runs government in his absence

18

• Czarina falls under the influence of Rasputina
  mysterious holy manwho she believes has the
  power to heal her son.
• Nobles fear Rasputins influence and murder him
• Army losing effectiveness people at home are
  hungry and unhappy

19
The March Revolution
20
First Steps

• In March 1917, strikes expand soldiers refuse to
  fire on workers.
• Most of the tension is caused by Nicholas II
  personally taking command of the military in
  World War I, and the war going so badly.

21
The Czar Steps Down

• March Revolutionprotests become uprising
  Nicholas abdicates throne
• Duma establishes provisional, or temporary
  government
• Sovietscommittees of Socialist
  revolutionariescontrol many cities

22
Lenin Returns to Russia

• In April 1917, Germans aid Lenin in returning
  from exile to Russia (pictured in disguise with
  his goatee shaved and wearing a wig).

23
The Bolshevik Revolution
24
The Provisional Government Topples

• In November 1917, workers take control of the
  government

25
Bolsheviks in Power

• Lenin gives land to peasants, puts workers in
  control of factories
• Bolsheviks sign treaty with Germany Russia pulls
  out of World War I

26
Civil War Rages in Russia

• Civil War between Bolsheviks Red Army and
  loosely allied White Army
• Red Army wins three-year war that leaves 14
  million dead

27
Comparing World Revolutions

• Russian and French Revolutions are similarboth
  attempt to remake society and use violence
  against citizens who resist these changes.

28
Lenin Restores Order
29
New Economic Policy

• In March 1921, Lenin launches New Economic
  Policy has some capitalism
• NEP and peace restore economy shattered by war
  and revolution
• By 1928, Russias farms and factories are
  producing again

30
Political Reforms

• Lenin creates self-governing republics under
  national government
• In 1922, country renamed Union of Soviet
  Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)
• Communist Partynew name taken by Bolsheviks from
  the writings of Marx

31
Stalin Becomes Dictator
32
A New Leader

• Trotsky and Stalin compete to replace Lenin after
  Lenins death
• Joseph Stalincold, hard Communist Party general
  secretary in 1922

Leon Trotsky
Joseph Stalin
33

• Stalin gains power from 1922 to 1927
• Lenin dies in 1924
• Stalin gains complete power in 1928 Trotsky is
  forced into exile.
• Trotsky is murdered in Mexico City in 1940 by an
  NKVD agent.

Room where Trotsky was murdered (above)
Trotskys murderer, NKVD agent, Romón Mercader
(right).