Sposoby haploidyzacji roslin

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Conclusion of Agronomy and Plant Protection
Iwona Bartkowiak-Broda Marek Wójtowicz Plant
Breeding and Acclimatization Institute Poznan,
Poland
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(No Transcript)
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Authors represented 5 continents 20 countries
Canada Argentina China Egypt
Iran Australia Korea
Europe
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Czech Republic France Germany Italy Latva Lit
huania Poland Russia Serbia Spain
Switzerland UK
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Objects of investigations
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AGRONOMY
? Cultivation technology

• Presented works mostly concerned integrated
  agrotechnical systems especially taking into
  account
• dates of sowing
• rates of seed sowing
• levels and dates of fertilization
• weed controlling
• problem of irrigation in the areas
  characterized by considerable shortage in
  precipitation.

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AGRONOMY
? Cultivation technology
Many authors in their work made reference to
the ways of soil cultivation before sowing and
to the succession of plants in plant rotations.
In their reports authors often focused on
seed sowing, mainly on the dates and sowing
rates, and to a lesser degree on technology of
sowing. These issues were of interest first
of all for authors from India and China.
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AGRONOMY
? Cultivation technology
The influence of sowing dates on yield and
elements of its structure was variable and
depended on environmental conditions.
Besides the results which indicated a significant
dependence of the number of siliques on a plant
and on m2, of 1000 seed weight and number of
seeds in a silique at the date of sowing, there
were also such results which did not show this
dependence.
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AGRONOMY
? Cultivation technology
Many authors emphasized how important it is
to choose a proper variety for cultivation in
order to gain high yields. Due to a higher
yielding ability of hybrid varieties, they are
becoming especially attractive. An
unquestionable advantage of these varieties is
their fast development after germination. It may
improve the use of fertilizers and cut down
losses of nutritional components.
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AGRONOMY
? Cultivation technology
Over the last 5 years in Canada the area of
cultivation of hybrid varieties has increased by
1570. At present in Canada, more than 90
of canola production involve herbicide-resistant
(HR) cultivars. Combining hybrid cultivar with
seeding rate of 150 seeds/m2 and the earliest
time of weed removal (2 leaves) led to a 41
yield increase compared to the combination of
open pollinated cultivar, seeding rate of 100
seeds/m2 and latest time of weed removal (6
leaf). Also the Czech scientists research
confirmed a diverse response of varieties to the
level of applied technologies.
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AGRONOMY
? Cultivation technology
Authors of many reports emphasized significant
differences among varieties in respect to yield
height, plant morphology, seed quality, and
physiological traits which are responsible for
tolerance of rapeseed rosette for low
temperatures. The results showed that rosette
tolerance for cold in some cultivars does not
correlate with seed yield. It was also showed
that the cultivars producing the highest seed
yield may not necessarily show the best Crown
Cell Membrane Stability at rosette stage.
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AGRONOMY
? Cultivation technology
Presented work also elaborated on the issue of
the importance of agro-technological procedures
for the quality of seed yield. Attention was
paid, among others, to the influence of sowing
date on the synthesis of fatty acids, as well as
on oil, protein and glucosinolate content.
Also the dependence of seed quality on sowing
amount and date of N fertilization was shown.
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AGRONOMY
? Cultivation technology
Moreover, it was shown that the influence of
N fertilization on fat, protein and glucosinolate
contents depended on water deficiency in a
flowering period. Also cultivation systems
influenced seed quality. Lower fat content
was observed in seeds from plants coming from
plots (fields) with simplified cultivation
technology in comparison to conventional
cultivation.
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AGRONOMY
? Cultivation technology
The necessity to keep up the quality of
collected seeds was highlighted. Research
conducted in Switzerland on the influence of
cultivation on the maintenance of low content of
linolenic acid in HOLL varieties showed
that beyond 50 meters of distance, a field of
conventional rapeseed caused only a minor
increase in C183 content of a neighbouring
low-linolenic rapeseed field. After 20 meters
contamination estimated from linolenic acid
increase was about 1.
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AGRONOMY
? Cultivation technology
According to simulation, the presence of
volunteers of conventional rapeseed in the
low-linolenic field had the most dramatic
effect in a short crop rotation an important
amount of volunteers significantly increased the
linolenic acid content. In Switzerland, all
oilseed rape is usually grown with a longer
interval than every four years in normal crop
rotations, which is usually enough to prevent
major contamination by volunteers if the latter
are correctly managed.
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AGRONOMY
? Cultivation technology
Another important issue mentioned in the
reports was the influence of environment on
plant development, and yield height and quality.
The conditions throughout vegetation season
determine plant development from germination to
crop.
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AGRONOMY
? Soil nutrition
Fertilization a lot of attention was paid
to fertilization with nitrogen, whose importance
for yield quality and quantity was investigated
in differentiated agrotechnical and environmental
conditions. The research projects also took
into account interaction between fertilization
and the genotype. Moreover, a negative
influence of nitrogen fertilization on
environment was observed.
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AGRONOMY
? Soil nutrition
In investigations on the possibility of
limiting nitrogen fertilization, and
consequently, reducing the washing out of
nitrogen to ground waters, semi-dwarf varieties
of rapeseed were used. It was assumed in a
working hypothesis that semi- dwarf varieties
may be characterized by a reduced demand for
nitrogen in comparison with conventional
varieties. However, all tested varieties needed
similar N fertilization for their maximum yield.
No interaction between genotype and N
treatment was stated.
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AGRONOMY
? Soil nutrition
In the reports were investigated also the
problems related to the influence of sulphur
fertilization on the attractiveness of rapeseed
for bees.
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AGRONOMY
? Crop Physiology

• Influence of environmental conditions on seed
  germination
• CO and low temperature can accelerate seed
  germination
• Aspects of reaction of different varieties to
  drought stress at different development
  stages
• Influence of maturity regulators on
  microbiotical population on the surface of
  seeds
• Phytoremediative potential of oilseed rape

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AGRONOMY
? Farming systems and Ecology

• Coexistence of conventional and GM crops
• Coexistence in accordance with European
  regulation betweenGM and non GM crops is
  difficult at the farm level in the case of
  oilseed rape.
• Gene flow by
• pollen
• seeds in time and in space
• Importance of gene flow depends on
• farm types
• landscape
• cropping systems
• design of grain collect
• Management of coexistence varies between each
  regionand also within each of them

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AGRONOMY
? Farming systems and Ecology
Influence of cultivation systems on seed
quality Problems of climate warming The use of
biological preparation in seed treatment Sustainab
ility of winter oilseed rape cropping
system Development computer model REPRO in
Germany. This model allows to quantify all
major energy and material flows on the farm
and in the field and to incorporate information
on economic effects of the different decisions
taken on the farm.
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AGRONOMY
? Digital Agriculture

• FRANCE
• The adoption of Genesys model to predict
  linolenic acid content of low linolenic
  rapeseed harvest in different management
  systems
• Farmstar system used to determine optimal
  N doses on the basis of satellite data

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AGRONOMY
? Digital Agriculture

• CHINA
• IDSSRP Inteligent Decission Support System
  for Rapeseed Production
• Rapeseed CSODSS Rapeseed Cultivation
  Simulation Optimalization DSS.
• Field experiments where IDSSRP was used showed
  a possibility of 20 increase in income in
  comparison with traditional cultivation
  methods. In experiments where Rapeseed CSODSS
  was used, the yield could be increased by
  1021, N fertilization lowered by 1828 and
  costs lowered by 10.

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? Diseases
PLANT PROTECTION

• Blackleg and Sclerotinia stem rot are the two
  most important diseases of oilseed rape
  worldwide
• Majority of papers are devoted to investigations
  concerning
• the genetic basis of resistance to these
  pathogens
• genetic and physical mapping
• functional genomic approaches for resistance
  gene discovery
• variation of populations of pathogens
• variation of resistance to pathogens
• effects of fungicides

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? Diseases
PLANT PROTECTION

• Genetic basis of resistance to blackleg
• new source of resistance introduced from
  B. carinata
• investigations of resistance derived from
  Sinapis arvensis. Coincya monensis, Brassica
  juncea

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? Diseases
PLANT PROTECTION
Other diseases Fungus and mycotoxins
contaminating oilseeds during storage Macrophomin
a phaseolina - causes new diseases on Canola in
Australia Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. severly
affects mustard crops
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? Diseases
PLANT PROTECTION

• Epidemiological studies
• System of risk assessment of disease occurrence
• Strategies to prevent spread of diseases
• Biocontrol e.g. MYR-GLs system
• EU project SECURE Stem Canker of oilseed rape
  Molecular methods and mathematical modeling to
  deploy durable resistance

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? Pests
PLANT PROTECTION

• Presented papers mostly
• concerned
• occurrence and control of pests in oilseed
  rape and in mustard
• susceptibility of oilseed rape varieties
• to the pests
• resistance of pest insects to pyrethroid
• insecticides
• control of insect pest using systemic
  resistance
• induced by bacterial strains and in organic
• crop management

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? Pests
PLANT PROTECTION

• Investigations on predator species in oilseed
  rape crop
• The effects of different crop management
  techniques on key predators were investigated in
  5 European countries.
• The effect of management has a considerable
  effect on species composition
• low species similarity of ICM and STN
  system.
• In summer the number of dominant/subdominant
  species decreased from the West of Europe to the
  East, in autumn on the contrary.
• Each country shows unique performance of the
  predatorspecies composition.
• The majority of ground beetle species occure
  exclusivelyin spring rape or in winter rape.

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? Pests
PLANT PROTECTION

• EU projects
• ENDURE European network for durable
  exploitation of crop protection strategies
  aiming at the development and implementation
  of sustainable pest management strategies
• MASTER Integrated pest management
  strategies incorporating bio-control for
  European oilseed rape pest

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PLANT PROTECTION
? Herbicides
Volunteer oilseed rape control post-emergence
herbicides provide excellent control at 3-leaf as
well as 6-leaf stage of plant development. Ecology
mechanical weed control an alternative or a
complement to chemical weed control
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GENERAL INFORMATION

• Presented reports also included information
  about
• sowing area
• yield
• size of production.
• China is the leading country with 10 million tons
  of oil production, Canada is the second with 7.1
  million tons and India is the third with 6.1
  million tons among countries all over the world.

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SUMMARY
A great number of papers and the variety of
discussed topics within the area of agronomy and
plant protection confirm its significance in
obtaining faithful and high yield of seeds of
required quality. Getting to know how
environmental conditions, farming systems,
cultivation technology and plant protection
influence quantity and quality of seed yield of
oilseed crops from Brassica genus allows to
estimate the range of variability of yield and
row material obtained for oil industry