Air Quality Standard

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Air Quality Standard

• Mohd Talib Latif

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Introduction

• An air quality standard is a description of a
  level of air quality that is adopted by a
  regulatory authority as enforceable.
• The basis of development of standard should be to
  provide a rational for protecting public health
  from adverse effects of air pollutants, to
  eliminate or reduce exposure to hazardous air
  pollutants, and to guide national and local
  authorities in their air quality management
  decisions.

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Step to Develop Standard

• The first step included compilation of air
  quality standards adopted by various countries
  including guidelines suggested by the WHO.
• The second step was to summarize the problems and
  issues associated with Hazardous Air Pollutants
  (HAPs). The USEPA has identified 188 HAPs (for
  details see
• http//www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/allabout.html

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Averaging Time

• The basis for averaging time is from the fact
  that large peak concentrations can damage the
  health even during exposure of short time.
• For example, CO, NOx, SO2 and O3 have short-term
  effects and have been assigned 1-hr averaging
  time in addition to 24-hr and annual averages.
• It was decided that even if a contaminant does
  not have any short-term effect, a standard of
  24-hr averaging time must be assigned so that
  trend of possibility of long-term concentration
  can be determined and suitable corrective
  measures are not delayed.

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Criteria of Standard

• whether substances or mixtures posed a widespread
  problem in terms of sources
• the ubiquity and abundance of the pollutants
  where the potential for exposure was large
• whether significant new information on health
  effects was available
• the feasibility of monitoring and
• past trend in ambient air levels

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USEPA

• http//www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html

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National Ambient Air Quality Standards
  Primary Standards Primary Standards Secondary Standards Secondary Standards
Pollutant Level Averaging Time Level Averaging Time
Carbon Monoxide 9 ppm (10 mg/m3) 8-hour (1) None None
Carbon Monoxide 35 ppm (40 mg/m3) 1-hour (1) None None
Lead 0.15 µg/m3 (2) Rolling 3-Month Average Same as Primary Same as Primary
Lead 1.5 µg/m3 Quarterly Average Same as Primary Same as Primary
Nitrogen Dioxide 0.053 ppm (100 µg/m3) Annual (Arithmetic Mean) Same as Primary Same as Primary
Particulate Matter (PM10) 150 µg/m3 24-hour (3) Same as Primary Same as Primary
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 15.0 µg/m3 Annual (4) (Arithmetic Mean) Same as Primary Same as Primary
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 35 µg/m3 24-hour (5) Same as Primary Same as Primary
Ozone 0.075 ppm (2008 std) 8-hour (6) Same as Primary Same as Primary
Ozone 0.08 ppm (1997 std) 8-hour (7) Same as Primary Same as Primary
Ozone 0.12 ppm 1-hour (8) Same as Primary Same as Primary
Sulfur Dioxide 0.03 ppm Annual (Arithmetic Mean) 0.5 ppm (1300 µg/m3) 3-hour (1)
Sulfur Dioxide 0.14 ppm 24-hour (1) 0.5 ppm (1300 µg/m3) 3-hour (1)
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European Air Quality Standard

• The Air Quality Standards Regulations 2007
• Air Quality Guideline for Europe
• http//ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standa
  rds.htm

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Pollutant Concentration Averaging period Legal nature Permitted exceedences each year
Fine articles (PM2.5) 25 µg/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2010Limit value enters into force 1.1.2015 n/a
         
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 350 µg/m3 1 hour Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 24
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 125 µg/m3 24 hours Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 3
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 200 µg/m3 1 hour Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010 18
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 40 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010 n/a
PM10 50 µg/m3 24 hours Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 35
PM10 40 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 n/a
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Lead (Pb) 0.5 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 (or 1.1.2010 in the immediate vicinity of specific, notified industrial sources and a 1.0 µg/m3 limit value applies from 1.1.2005 to 31.12.2009) n/a
Carbon monoxide (CO) 10 mg/m3 Maximum daily 8 hour mean Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 n/a
Benzene 5 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010 n/a
Ozone 120 µg/m3 Maximum daily 8 hour mean Target value enters into force 1.1.2010 25 days averaged over 3 years
Arsenic (As) 6 ng/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2012 n/a
Cadmium (Cd) 5 ng/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2012 n/a
Nickel (Ni) 20 ng/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2012 n/a
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1 ng/m3(expressed as  concentration of Benzo(a)pyrene) 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2012 n/a
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United Kingdom National Air Quality Strategy - Air Quality Objectives
Benzene- 5ppb measured as running annual mean (31/12/2003) 1,3-Butadiene- 1ppb measured as running annual mean (31/12/2003) Nitrogen Dioxide (i)- 105ppb not to be exceeded more than 18 times a year measured as 1 hour mean (31/12/2005) Nitrogen Dioxide (ii)- 21ppb measured as annual mean (31/12/2005) PM10 Particles (i)- 50 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year measured as 24 hour mean (31/12/2004) PM10 Particles (ii)- 40 µg/m3 measured as annual mean (31/12/2004) Sulphur Dioxide (i)- 132ppb not to be exceeded more than 24 times a year measured as 1 hour mean (31/12/2004) Sulphur Dioxide (ii)- 47ppb not to be exceeded more than 3 times A year measured as 24 hour mean (31/12/2004) Sulphur Dioxide (iii)- 100ppb not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year measured as 15 minute mean (31/12/2005) Carbon Monoxide- 10ppm measured as running 8 hour mean (31/12/2003) Ozone- 50ppb not to be exceeded more than 10 times a year measured as the daily max of running 8 hour mean (31/12/2005)
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• Change to the unit of mass/volume (ug/m3) involve
  the I
• Ideal Gas Law
• PV nRT
• P Pressure (mm Hg)
• T Temperature (K)
• R Ideal gas constant

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Change of unit
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R    8.314472 Jmol-1K-1
  8.314472 m3PaK-1mol-1
  8.314472 kPaLmol-1K-1
  0.08205746  LatmK-1mol-1
  62.36367 LmmHgK-1mol-1
  10.73159 ft3psiR-1lb-mol-1
  53.34 ftlbfR-1lbm-1 (for air)
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Changing Averaging Time

• Formula
• C1 /C2 t2/t1p
• C1 Concentration 1
• C2 Concentration 2
• t1 time 1
• t2 time 2
• 0.17 lt p lt 0.50 (Turner, 1970 Engel et al.
  1997 Scire et al., 2000)