PERIODS 1

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PERIODS 1 2Ancient and Classical Periods

• 8000 BCE
• to 600 CE

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• Punishments should know no degree or grade, but
  from ministers of state and generals down to
  great officers and ordinary folk, whoever does
  not obey the kings commands, violates the laws
  of the state, or rebels against the statutes
  fixed by the ruler should be guilty of death and
  should not be pardoned.  Merit acquired in the
  past should not cause a decrease in the
  punishment for demerit later, nor should good
  behavior in the past cause any ignoring of the
  law for wrong done later.  If loyal ministers and
  sons do wrong, they should be judged according to
  the full measure of their guilt, and if among the
  officials who have to maintain the law and to
  uphold an office, there are those who do not
  carry out the kings law, they are guilty of
  death and should not be pardoned, but their
  punishment should be extended to their family for
  three generations.  Colleagues who, knowing their
  offense, inform their superiors will themselves
  escape punishment. Therefore I say that if there
  are severe penalties that extend to the whole
  family, people will not dare to try how far they
  can go, and as they dare not try, no punishments
  will be necessary...
• Shang Yang (390 BC 338 BC)

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization (self-knowledge, fulfillment
of personal potential) Esteem (autonomy,
achievement, recognition) Social (belonging,
affection) Safety (security, protection from
harm) Physiological (Hunger, thirst, shelter)
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We begin at about 8,000 BC when village life
began in the New Stone Age. . . Also known as the
Neolithic Revolution. NEW STONE
AGE
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A TOTALLY new way of living

• From

Hunter-Gatherers
to Agriculture
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INVENTION OF AGRICULTURE

• Mesopotamians first to engage in agriculture
• Around 8000 BC
• Cereal crops
• Wheat
• Barley
• Herd animals
• Sheep
• Goats

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Human/Environmental interaction

• Tools and weapons
• Social and political organization
• Homes
• Lake houses in Switzerland
• Long houses along Danube
• Stone huts in Britain
• Reed lean-tos in Egypt
• Clay brick huts in Middle East
• Broad language groups appeared

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POSSESSIONS

• Needs of agriculture and stability
• Clay pottery
• Woven baskets
• Woolen and linen clothing
• Sophisticated tools and weapons
• Plow

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RESULTS OF AGRICULTURE

• Required intensification of group organization
• Neolithic farmers lived in settlements
• Ranged from 150 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jericho)

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OUTSIDE CONTACTS

• Neolithic communities had links
• Walls indicate some fearful
• Others were more peaceful

Jericho
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Origins and Spread of Agriculture
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What does it mean to be civilized?

• 18th Century European
• Civilized vs. primitive
• White vs. everyone else
• Historians have determined 6 characteristics of
  civilization
• Cities
• Organized central governments
• Complex religions
• Social classes
• Job specialization and the arts
• Writing

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UNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATION

• Civilization was not simply next inevitable step
  from Neolithic Age
• Many peoples remained at simple food-raising
  stage for thousands of yearswithout developing
  any sort of civilization
• Only four locations developed civilizations
  entirely on their own
• China
• Indus River Valley
• Mesopotamia/Egypt
• Central America and Peru

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Ancient River Valley Civilizations
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Early River Valley Civilizations
Environment

• Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable
• No natural barriers
• Limited natural resources for making tools or
  buildings

Mesopotamia

• Flooding of the Nile predictable
• Nile an easy transportation link between Egypts
  villages
• Deserts were natural barriers

Egypt

• Indus flooding unpredictable
• Monsoon winds
• Mountains, deserts were natural barriers

Indus River Valley

• Huang He flooding unpredictable
• Mountains, deserts natural barriers
• Geographically isolated from other ancient
  civilizations

China

• Mountains and ocean natural barriers
• Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall
• Geographically isolated from other ancient
  civilizations

Mesoamerica Andes
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Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent

• Sumer The Earliest of the River Valley
  Civilizations
• Sumerian Civilization grew up along the Tigris
  and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Kuwait.

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Sumerians invented

• Cuneiform
• Wheel
• Base 60 using the circle . . . 360 degrees
• Time 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a
  minute
• 12 month lunar calendar
• Brick technology
• arch
• ramp
• ziggurat

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Babylon

• First know written law code
• Rule of Law
• Hammurabis Code - 1792 BC

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Code of Hammurabi

• 8. If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass,
  or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to
  the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold for
  them if they belonged to a freed man of the king
  he shall pay tenfold if the thief has nothing
  with which to pay he shall be put to death.
• 22. If any one is committing a robbery and is
  caught, then he shall be put to death.
• 25. If fire break out in a house, and some one
  who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the
  property of the owner of the house, and take the
  property of the master of the house, he shall be
  thrown into that self-same fire.
• 129. If a man's wife be surprised with another
  man, both shall be tied and thrown into the
  water, but the husband may pardon his wife and
  the king his slaves.
• 137. If a man wish to separate from his wife who
  has borne him children then he shall give that
  wife her dowry, and a part of the fruit of the
  field, garden, and property, so that she can rear
  her children. When she has brought up her
  children, a portion of all that is given to the
  children, equal as that of one son, shall be
  given to her. She may then marry the man of her
  heart.

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EGYPTThe Gift of the Nile

• Hieroglyphics
• Pyramids
• Geometry
• Advances in medicine and surgery

Nile River
Sahara Desert
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Indus River Valley2500 BC 1500 BC

• Harappan culture
• Well planned cities
• Grid pattern
• Modern plumbing
• Built on mud brick platforms
• Protected against seasonal floods
• Larger cities
• Houses built of baked brick
• Smaller towns
• Houses built of sun-dried mud brick

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Aryan Migration

• pastoral ? depended on their cattle
• warriors ? horse-drawn chariots

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Shang China1600 BC 1027 BC

• Yellow River Valley
• Advanced culture
• Religion
• Astronomy
• Calendar
• Medicine
• Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts
• Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in
• Strong sense of identity
• Superiority
• Center of earth
• Sole source of civilization

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Zhou China1122 BC 256 BC

• Bronze, jade, silver, gold
• Mandate of Heaven
• Power to rule came from heaven
• Power could be removed if ruler not
  just
• Veneration of ancestors
• All must honor family responsibilities
• Period ended with Era of Warring States

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Mesoamerica and Andean South America2900 BC
1400 BC

• Mesoamerica
• Maize, chili peppers, avocados, beans
• Pottery
• Stone bowls
• Beads
• Waddle and daub structures
• No draft animals

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Mesoamerica and Andean South America3500 BC
1400 BC

• Andes
• Textiles technology
• Sophisticated government
• Religion
• Lacked ceramics
• Largely without art
• Most impressive achievement was monumental
  architecture
• Large platform mounds
• Sunken circular plazas

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Classical Civilizations
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Classical China
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Qin Chin Dynasty (221-206 BCE)

• Shi Huangdi
• Legalist rule
• Bureaucratic, centralized control
• Military expansion
• Book burnings --gt targeted Confucianists
• Buried protestors alive!

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Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE)

• Strong, centralized bureaucracy
• Extended Great Wall
• Roads (including Silk Road), canals
• Emperor Wu Di (141-87 BCE)
• Public schools
• Colonized Manchuria, Korea,
  Vietnam
• Civil service system

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Changan The Han Capital
Imperial Seal
Han Artifacts
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Classical India
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Mauryan Empire (320 BCE-320 CE)

• Chandragupta
• Unified northern India after Alexander the Great
  withdrew
• Set up efficient bureaucracy
• Asoka (grandson)
• Dedicated life to Buddha
• Continued bureaucracy
• Hospitals, roads

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Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)

• Chandra Gupta I
• Bureaucracy
• Allowed local government in south
• Patriarchal
• Caste system continued
• Advances
• Medicine
• Math (decimal, pi)

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Classical Greece
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Early History (3000 BCE-750 BCE)

• Minoans
• Crete
• Seafaring merchants
• Sophisticated civilization
• Hellenes
• Merged with native Greeks
• Dark Age

Homer
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Geographic Influence

• Mountains
• Independent city-states
• Insufficient farmland
• Founded colonies on Mediterranean coast
• Location
• Peninsula in Mediterranean
• Exchange of culture/trade
• Deep harbors
• Numerous good harbors on its irregular coastline

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City-States

• Athens
• Democratic, leading city-state
• Sparta
• Aristocratic/military city-state
• Corinth
• Trading center
• United by language, culture and fear of Persians

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Alexander the Great (336-323 BCE)

• Taught by Aristotle
• Conquered Persian Empire
• Created Hellenistic culture
• Died suddenly at 33

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Athenian Contributions

• Theater, poetry and historical writing
• Science and math
• Architecture and sculpture
• Philosophy
• Socrates
• Individual
• Plato
• Group
• Aristotle
• World

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Classical Rome
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Ancient Rome (1500 BCE-500 BCE)

• 1500BC-Latins crossed Alps
• Founded Rome
• Conquered by Etruscans
• New Romans
• Roads, walls, buildings
• Metal weapons

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Republic500-27 BCE

• Social aristocracy
• Patricians
• Plebeians
• Senate
• Conquered Mediterranean world
• Italian Peninsula and west
• Client states
• Spread Greek culture
• Began to end with assassination of Julius Caesar
  in 44 BCE

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Empire27 BCE-476 CE

• Octavian (Augustus)
• Began Pax Romana
• Spread Greco-Roman civilization
• Law, language, historical writing
• Trade, industry, science, architecture
• Diocletian
• Divided Empire
• Constantine
• Reunited empire
• Converted to Christianity

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Germanic Invasion

• Germans allowed to settle
• Huns pushed more Germans in
• 476 CElast Roman emperor

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Trade Routes of the Classical World
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Items Traded
spices
silks
cotton goods
spices
rice wheat
horses
gold ivory
gold ivory
cotton goods
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Classical Mesoamerica
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Maya (1800 BCE-800 BCE)

• Led by ruler-priests
• Only known fully developed written language of
  time/area
• Art, architecture
• Writing, math, astronomy, calendar
• Cultural diffusion across Mesoamerica

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Chavin (900 BCE-200 BCE)

• Pottery
• Metalwork (including gold and silver)
• Religion promoted fertility
• Built temples
• Used hallucinogens
• Trade

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Why civilizations fall

• External
• War
• Natural disaster
• Disease

• Internal
• Overpopulation
• Economic problems
• Social disruption
• Political struggles

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How do civilizations collapse?

• Population size and density decrease dramatically
  
• Society tends to become less politically
  centralized
• Less investment is made in things such as
  architecture, art, and literature
• Trade and other economic activities are greatly
  diminished
• The flow of information among people slows
• The ruling elites may change, but usually the
  working classes tend to remain and provide
  continuity

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Is it possible to prevent collapse?

• Every society must
• answer basic biological needs of its members
  food, drink, shelter, and medical care.
• provide for production and distribution of goods
  and services (perhaps through division of labor,
  rules concerning property and trade, or ideas
  about role of work).
• provide for reproduction of new members and
  consider laws and issues related to reproduction
  (regulation, marriageable age, number of
  children, and so on).
• provide for training (education, apprenticeship,
  passing on of values) of individuals so that they
  can become functioning adults in society.
• provide for maintenance of internal and external
  order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy).
• provide meaning and motivation to its members.

• Thuman and Bennet

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PERIODS 1 2Ancient and Classical Periods

• 8000 BCE
• to 600 CE