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Karl Heinrich Marx

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Title: Karl Heinrich Marx


1
Karl Heinrich Marx
  • May 5, 1818
  • March 14, 1883
  • BIOGRAPHY

2
Is Marxian Economics Dead
  • The fall in 1989 of the Soviet Union has lead
    many to argue that Marxian economics is dead
  • Before addressing that we must look at the
    person, his theories, and the application of
    those who said to Marxians

3
Childhood
  • Karl Marx born in Trier,
    Bruckergasse 664
  • son of Jewish lawyer
    Heinrich Marx and his
    wife Henriett
  • Appears to have had a
    normal childhood
  • Father baptizes Karl
    and his 5 sisters and a
    brother into the
    Protestant church

4
Childhood
  • The reason he converted to Christianity was in
    order to reduce the limitations in his profession
    Jews normally encountered
  • Not surprisingly, at a very early age Marx begins
    to wonder about the devotion aspect of religion
    and places its importance more as a social
    phenomenon

5
Childhood
  • Not surprisingly later in his life he is quoted
    as stating that
  • Religious suffering is, at one and the same
    time, the expression of real suffering and a
    protest against real suffering. Religion is
    the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of
    a heartless world,
    and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the
    opium of the people.
  • In his Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right.
    Introduction

6
Formal Education
  • On October 15th, 1835 at the age of 17 he enrolls
    at the University of Bonn
  • He last there less than a year since he flunks
    out due to excessive partying

7
But Before More Formal Education
  • Marx spends his summer vacations in Trier. In
    Summer of 1836 becomes secretly engaged to Jenny
    von
    Westphalen,
    daughter of
    Government
    Counselor
    Ludwig von
    Westphalen.

8
More Formal Education
  • On October 22 1836, Marx is enrolled in the
    Faculty of Law of Berlin University.
  • After completing his studies in Berlin he attends
    the University of Jena.
  • Writes a dissertation entitled he Difference
    Between Democritean and Epicurean Natural
    Philosophy Obtain Ph.D. in April of 1841

9
Early Jobs
  • Attempts to get teaching position at the
    University of Bonn but does not get a job.
  • Marx moves to Cologne
  • Marx and Bruno Bauer were invited to be the
    chief contributors, and Marx moves to Bonn
  • In October 15th, 1842 Marx became
    editor-in-chief of Rheinische Zeitung

10
Early Jobs
  • Later that year, Marx briefly makes Engels'
    acquaintance when the latter, in route to
    England, calls at the editorial office of
    Rheinische Zeitung
  • The newspaper's revolutionary-democratic trend
    became more and more pronounced under Marx's
    editorship, and the government first imposed
    double and triple censorship on the paper, and
    then on January 1 1843 suppressed it.

11
Major Change in his Life, 1843
  • March 17/18 Marx formally relinquishes the
    editorship of Rheinische Zeitung and publishes a
    "statement" that he has left the editorial board
    "because of the present censorship conditions."
  • His opinions are considered too socialist

12
Major Change in his Life, 1843
  • June 19 Marx marries Jenny von Westphalen
  • She was a childhood friend he had become engaged
    to while still a student.
  • She came from a bourgeois family of the Prussian
    nobility, her elder brother being Prussia's
    Minister of the Interior during an extremely
    reactionary period 1850-58.

13
Jenny von Westphalen
  • They have seven children
  • Jenny,
  • Laura,
  • Edgar,
  • Heinrich,
  • Franziska,
  • Eleanor

14
The Kids
  • And one more that dies before he is named
  • Only Jenny, Laura and Eleanor survived into
    their teens.
  • Jenny is oldest daughter
  • Born in 1844
  • Dies shortly before her father
  • in 1883

15
The Kids
  • Laura was the second daughter of Karl and Jenny.
  • Born in 1845 and died in 1911
  • She was active in the French working class
    movement

16
The Kids
  • Eleanor Marx
  • Youngest daughter
  • Born 1855 and died 1898
  • Active in British politics and the international
    working-class movement.
  • Founder of the Socialist League in 1884.
  • Was active in founding trade unions for unskilled
    workers in England.
  • From 1884 on, lived in common law with Edward
    Aveling.

17
Paris
  • In the autumn of 1843, Marx went to Paris in
    order to publish a radical journal abroad,
    together with Arnold Ruge (1802-1880).
    Only one issue of this journal Deutsch-Französisch
    e Jahrbücher, appeared.
  • Publication was discontinued owing to the
    difficulty of secretly distributing it in
    Germany, and to disagreement with Ruge.

18
Paris
  • Marx's articles in this journal showed that he
    was already a revolutionary who advocated
    "merciless criticism of everything existing", and
    in particular the "criticism by weapon", and
    appealed to the masses and to
    the proletariat.

19
1844
  • Marx and Engels, having both become contributors
    to Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher (Marx is
    co-founder), enter into correspondence with each
    other.
  • Shortly after meeting, Marx and Engels worked
    together to produce the first mature work of
    Marxism The German Ideology. In this work,
    largely produced in response to Feuerbach's
    materialism.

20
1844
  • Marx and Engels set down the
    foundations of Marxism with the materialistic
    conception of history.
  • Broke from Left Hegelian idealism with a critique
    against Bruno Bauer and Max Stirner. "The
    philosophers have only interpreted the world in
    various ways"
  • Marx wrote in an outline for the beginning of the
    book, " the point is to change it."

21
1844 (cont.)
  • Marx makes personal contact with Proudhon, keeps
    in contact with him through the rest of his stay
    in Paris and in the course of lengthy, often
    all-night discussions infects Marx with
    Hegelianism."

22
1844 (cont.)
  • His writings are not appreciated by the Prussian
    Government.
  • He is found guilty of treason in absentia by the
    Prussian Government.
  • The government of Prussia puts diplomatic
    pressure on the French government.
  • At the insistent request of the Prussian
    government, Marx was banished from Paris in 1845,
    considered by both governments a dangerous
    revolutionary.
  • Marx then moved to Brussels.

23
1845
  • First publication by Friedrich Engels and Karl
    Marx appears The Holy Family, or Critique of the
    Critical Critique. Against Bruno Bauer and
    Associates.
  • Marx and Engels make a study trip to England,
    where they make contact in London with the League
    of the Just and with Weitling.
  • Marx's daughter Laura is born.

24
1847
  • Early June First Congress of the League of
    Communists in London. For lack of money, among
    other things, Marx cannot travel to London and
    gets Engels (from Paris) and W. Wolff (from
    Brussels) to represent him. The Congress
    resolves to reorganize the League of the Just
    totally, to assume the name "League of
    Communists" and to prepare a Communist Creed for
    the next Congress.

25
1847
  • In the spring of 1847 Marx and Engels joined a
    secret propaganda society called the Communist
    League.

26
1847 (cont.)
  • November 29 - December 10 Marx participates in
    the second Congress of the League of Communists
    in London, which adopts the programmatic and
    tactical principles championed by Marx and Engels
    in prolonged discussions, and instructs Marx to
    draft the Manifesto of the Communist Party.

27
1848
  • February (late) The Manifesto of the Communist
    Party is published in London.
  • February 25 - March 4 Marx takes an active part
    in the preparations for an armed republican
    uprising in Brussels. He donates major sums of
    money to arming the local workers. He also
    participates in the preparations for an armed
    uprising in Cologne.

28
1848
  • March 4 Marx is arrested by the police at 1 a.m.
    while getting ready to leave after several hours
    of detention, he is released and taken under
    police escort to the French frontier, when he
    immediately continues his journey to Paris

29
1848
  • March/April The central authority of the League
    of Communists constitutes itself in Paris, elects
    Marx its President, Schapper its Secretary, and
    Bauer, Engels (then still in Brussels), Moll,
    Wallau and W. Wolff as members.
  • After the March Revolution, he leaves Paris and
    goes to Cologne

30
1848
  • Marx arrives in Cologne with Engels and Dronke
    and at once assumes organization of a big daily,
    Neue Rheinische Zeitung, started by democratic
    and partially communist groupings.

31
1848/1849
  • An article by Engel leads many share holders to
    abandon Neue Rheinische Zeitung
  • The victorious counter-revolution first
    instigated court proceedings against Marx (he was
    acquitted on February 9, 1849),
  • Eventually magazine is outlawed in 1849

32
1848/1849
  • Then he is banished from Germany (May 16, 1849).
  • First Marx went to Paris, where he was again
    banished after the demonstration of June 13,
    1849,
  • and then went to London, where he lived until his
    death.
  • Helps German refugees in London

33
1850
  • The first Neue Rheinische Zeitung --
    Political-Economic Review is published in Hamburg
    in 2,500 copies. From Marx, the issue contained
    the article on "The Defeat of June 1848" --
    "Marx's first attempt to interpret piece of
    contemporary historic in the light of his
    materialist philosophy from the economic
    situation prevailing at the time." (Engels)

34
1850
  • Due to lack of rent he and
    his family is evicted.
  • With the help of Engels
    and others is able to move
    into new housing
    28 Dean Street.

35
1850/1851
  • He is given access to the British Museum Reading
    Room where he reads classical economist and
    begins writing his critique
  • Son dies of meningitis
  • Writes articles for the New York Tribune
    Newspaper on the situation in Germany

36
1852
  • Family sick
  • Financial situation worsens
  • Can not write articles for the New York Tribune
    since he can not afford to buy newspapers to keep
    informed
  • Communist League declares itself dissolved on
    Marx's motion and declares its further existence
    London as well as on the continent

37
1853-1855
  • This period he is financially is dire-straits
  • He is ill
  • Does not advance on his economic studies

38
1855/1866
  • Second son dies and Jenny Marx (wife) gives birth
    to a child which dies soon after
  • Agrees to become a contributor to Neue
    Oder-Zeitung
  • Has disagreement with Lassalle (from Neue
    Oder-Zeitung)
  • Begins writing Das Kapital

39
1877
  • March 27 Marx completes the fair copy of Volume
    I of Das Kapital
  • September (3rd week) Volume I of Das Kapital is
    published in a print run of 1,000
  • Financial situation does not improve

40
1878/1880
  • Begins work on Vol. II of Das Kapital
  • Financial and health problems continue
  • Attempts to get Charles Darwin to accept a
    dedication on Vol. II
  • Darwin declines on the grounds -- among others --
    that he does not wish to offend his family's
    religious sentiments.

41
1881/1883
  • Wife dies on December 2,
    1881
  • 1882 his health deteriorates
  • He dies on March 14, 1883
  • Marx passed away
    peacefully in his armchair
  • He lies buried next to his
    wife at Highgate Cemetery in London.
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