Roots of the American People

1
The Roots of America Objectives

• Understand how people may have first reached the
  Americas.
• Find out how people learned to farm.
• Explore the civilizations of the Mayas, Aztecs,
  and Incas.

2
Terms and People

• glacier thick sheet of ice
• irrigate to water crops by channeling water
  from rivers or streams
• surplus excess quantity that is left over
• civilization an advanced culture in which
  people have developed cities, science, and
  industries

3
How did early civilizations develop in the
Americas?
Scientists have several theories about how people
first came to the Americas.
One theory says people migrated over a land
bridge.
One theory says people came by boat.
4
Between 10,000 and 100,000 years ago, much of the
world was covered by glaciers.
As more of the worlds water froze, the level of
the oceans dropped, and a land bridge appeared
between Siberia and Alaska.
Today, that land bridge lies under a narrow
waterway called the Bering Strait.
5
Many scientists think people first came to North
America between 20,000 and 30,000 years ago.
They believe that hunters crossed the land bridge
in pursuit of animals such as the woolly mammoth.
6
Over thousands of years, people spread across
North and South America.
7
The coastal-route theory says that people crossed
the arctic waters by boat and traveled southward
along the Pacific coast.
Many Native American groups dismiss both theories
in favor of their own creation stories.
8
For centuries, early humans could fill most of
their needs by hunting, but then many of the
larger animals began to disappear.
Hunters became gatherers, traveling around and
searching for wild plants and small game.
hunters
9
About 8,000 years ago, gatherers in Mexico began
growing food, including squash and lima beans.
This discovery of farming meant that families no
longer had to wander in search of food.
Farmers began to irrigate and learned to raise
animals.
10
The population grew rapidly, and once they began
to produce surplus food, Native Americans started
trading with others.
Some farming communities grew into cities, which
became centers of government and religious life.
With the development of cities came the
beginnings of civilization.
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Ways of Life Ways of Life
Hunting and Gathering In many culture areas, women gathered plants and roots, and men hunted and fished.
Farming In other culture areas, Native Americans grew crops suited to the climate in which they lived. Populations were much larger in farming areas than in non-farming areas.
Trading Trade was common in all culture areas. Seashells or beads were used as currency in some areas.
12
Many Native Americans felt a close relationship
to the natural world.
They believed that spirits dwelled in nature and
that these spirits were part of their daily lives.
Native American storytellers passed down their
beliefs and history from generation to generation.
13
Well before 10,000 B.C., Native Americans had
spread across the North American continent.
14
Native American tribes built different kinds of
homes. The types of houses they built depended
on the climate and the geography in the region
where they lived.
15
People of the Arctic, Subarctic, and Pacific Northwest People of the Arctic, Subarctic, and Pacific Northwest
People of the Arctic They lived in a bitterly cold land. They ate fish, shellfish, and birds and hunted marine mammals from kayaks.
People of the Subarctic They lived in dense forests in a land too cold for farming. They hunted caribou, moose, and bear.
People of the Pacific Northwest There were plenty of animals and plants where they lived, so they could live in permanent settlements even though they were not farmers.
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People of the Far West and the Southwest People of the Far West and the Southwest
People of the Far West They lived in different geographic regions, ranging from cold northern forests and grasslands to hot southern deserts. Housing types ranged from pit houses to bark houses to wooden houses.
People of the Southwest The climate in their region was dry most of the year but wet in July and August. Some people farmed others hunted.
17
The Pueblo people, such as the Hopis and Zunis,
had stable towns with houses made of adobe. The
towns lasted for hundreds of years.
18
In the eastern Plains, the people farmed and
lived in earth lodges.
Much of the western Plains was too dry to farm,
so the people hunted buffalo, which provided them
with most of the things they needed to live.
People in the western Plains lived in tepees or
round pits in the ground.
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People of the Eastern Woodlands People of the Eastern Woodlands
Early People of the Eastern Woodlands The earliest woodlands people hunted, fished, and gathered nuts and berries. By about A.D. 1000, some woodlands people had begun farming.
Algonquian People These people spoke Algonquian languages and lived in southern Canada, the Great Lakes area, and along the Atlantic coast to Virginia.
Iroquois People These groups of people spoke Iroquoian languages and lived in what is now New York.
20
People of the Southeast People of the Southeast
Cherokees and Creeks The land and the climate of the southeast supported farming. The Cherokees and the Creeks built wooden-frame houses covered with straw mats and plastered with mud clay.
Natchez People These people lived on the Gulf Coast. They created a complex society with a ruler, nobles, and commoners.
21
Over the centuries, several civilizations rose
and declined in the Americas

• the Mayas
• the Aztecs
• the Incas

22
The Mayas The Mayas
Time Period Between A.D. 250 and A.D. 900
Location Present-day Mexico and Central America
Achievements Built splendid cities Developed arts, a system of government, and a written language Created the most accurate calendar known until modern times
23
Around A.D. 900, the Mayas began to abandon their
cities, perhaps because of disease or
overpopulation.
24
The Aztecs The Aztecs
Time Period Between 1325 and 1521
Location Present-day Mexico
Achievements Built the city Tenochtitlán, which may have been the biggest city in the world at the time Built Tenochtitlán on islands in a large lake and connected them by stone roadways
25
On a series of islands in a large lake, the
Aztecs built a great capital city, Tenochtitlán,
on the site of present-day Mexico City.
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Tenochtitlán Tenochtitlán
Population More than 200,000 people lived there at the citys height.
Farming Many farmers raised crops on floating platforms.
Religion Religion dominated Aztec life. The center of the city had dozens of temples that honored Aztec gods. The Aztecs practiced human sacrifice as an offering to their gods.
27

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vF3QA2J9UxJEfeature
  related

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During the 1400s, Aztec armies brought half of
modern-day Mexico under their control.
The Aztecs were harsh rulers, and their subjects
would eventually turn on them when Europeans came
to conquer the region.
Aztecs
Europeans
subjects
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The Incas The Incas
Time Period Between the early 1400s and 1533
Location Down the coast of South America along the Andes, across the Atacama desert, and to the fringes of the Amazon rain forest
Achievements Built the largest empire in the world in the 1400s Buildings of huge stones shaped to fit together Roads, walls, canals, and bridges Fine weavings and metalwork
30
Encounter of 1492

• 1492
• A. Columbus leads a Spanish fleet to the
  Bahamas- changed history forever.
• B. Tainos were Native Americans he met there.
  Within 100 years, the entire Taino population was
  destroyed.

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Encounter of 1492

• Columbian Exchange
• The encounter started a a worldwide exchange of
  good and ideas.
• Food, technology, arts, language, medicine,
  Government.

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The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange
Positive Changes The Europeans introduced new food plants and domestic animals to the Western hemisphere. The Americas introduced new food plants and animals to the rest of the world, which now account for nearly one-third of the worlds food supply.
Negative Changes Europeans enslaved Native Americans as they mined for gold. Contagious diseases brought by Europeans killed Native Americans by the thousands.
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KNOW IT SHOW GAME

• Take out a Piece of Paper.
• Number 1-10
• Write down the letter of the answer for each
  question.
• Read, Set Go.

34
Objectives

• Learn about the earliest peoples of North
  America.
• Discover what different groups of Native
  Americans had in common.
• Explore the impact of geography on Native
  American cultures.

35
Terms and People

• culture way of life
• culture area region in which groups of people
  have a similar way of life

36
Terms and People (continued)

• adobe sun-dried brick
• clans groups of families that were related to
  one another
• sachem tribal chief

37
How did geography influence the development of
cultures in North America?
In North America, groups of people developed
unique cultures.
Around 3,000 years ago, various groups began to
emerge in an area stretching from the Appalachian
Mountains to the Mississippi Valley.
38
These people are called Mound Builders because
they constructed large piles of earth as burial
places or as the foundations of buildings.
One group of Mound Builders, the Mississippians,
built the first cities in North America.
39
Scholars classify Native Americans into several
culture areas.
40
Ways of Life Ways of Life
Hunting and Gathering In many culture areas, women gathered plants and roots, and men hunted and fished.
Farming In other culture areas, Native Americans grew crops suited to the climate in which they lived. Populations were much larger in farming areas than in non-farming areas.
Trading Trade was common in all culture areas. Seashells or beads were used as currency in some areas.
41
Well before 10,000 B.C., Native Americans had
spread across the North American continent.
42
Native American tribes built different kinds of
homes. The types of houses they built depended
on the climate and the geography in the region
where they lived.
43
People of the Arctic, Subarctic, and Pacific Northwest People of the Arctic, Subarctic, and Pacific Northwest
People of the Arctic They lived in a bitterly cold land. They ate fish, shellfish, and birds and hunted marine mammals from kayaks.
People of the Subarctic They lived in dense forests in a land too cold for farming. They hunted caribou, moose, and bear.
People of the Pacific Northwest There were plenty of animals and plants where they lived, so they could live in permanent settlements even though they were not farmers.
44
The Pueblo people, such as the Hopis and Zunis,
had stable towns with houses made of adobe. The
towns lasted for hundreds of years.
45
People of the Eastern Woodlands People of the Eastern Woodlands
Early People of the Eastern Woodlands The earliest woodlands people hunted, fished, and gathered nuts and berries. By about A.D. 1000, some woodlands people had begun farming.
Algonquian People These people spoke Algonquian languages and lived in southern Canada, the Great Lakes area, and along the Atlantic coast to Virginia.
Iroquois People These groups of people spoke Iroquoian languages and lived in what is now New York.
46
The Iroquois were made up of five distinct
nations, and each nation was made up of clans.
Women had great influence in Iroquois society
Membership in a clan was passed from a mother to
her children.
Women owned all the property that belonged to a
clan and chose the clans sachem.
47
During the 1500s, the five Iroquois nations went
through a period of constant warfare.
When the nations finally stopped fighting, they
established the League of the Iroquois, a council
that made laws to keep the peace.
The Iroquois wrote their own constitution.
48
Objectives

• Learn about the role played by Muslims in world
  trade.
• Discover how great trading states rose in East
  Africa and West Africa.
• Find out how China dominated an important trade
  route across Asia.

49
Terms and People

• Muhammad the prophet and founder of Islam
• Mansa Musa a Muslim ruler of the Mali empire
  during its height
• navigation the science of locating the position
  and plotting the course of ships
• Zheng He a Chinese explorer who made several
  voyages to trade with nations in Asia and Africa

50
How did trade link Europe, Africa, and Asia?
From the earliest times, trade linked groups who
lived at great distances from one another.
Merchants carried their cultures with them as
they traveled along their established trade
routes.
51
The Silk Road, one of the great trade routes of
ancient times, stretched 5,000 miles from China
to Persia.
52
Merchants on the Silk Road brought silk, jade,
pottery, spices, and bronze goods from China to
Middle Eastern and European markets.
Along the way, they traded in the Middle East for
spices and other products.
53
Trade in Africa began with Egypt in 3100 B.C.
In about A.D. 1000, trade centers began to appear
in eastern Africa.
54
The growth in trade was also linked to the rise
of the religion of Islam.
In the 600s, Islam was founded on the Arabian
Peninsula by the prophet Muhammad.
Muslims believe in one God, and their sacred book
is called the Quran.
55
Islam spread rapidly when Arab armies swept
across North Africa and into Spain.
Muslim merchants also spread their religion far
into Africa, and from Persia to India.
Millions of people across Europe, Asia, and
Africa became Muslims.
56
By the 1500s, a global trading network linked the
civilizations of Europe, Africa, and Asia.
The Silk Road became less important when
alternative sea routes were discovered.
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Objectives

• Understand the importance of the Judeo-Christian
  tradition.
• Learn how Greece and Rome shaped ideas about
  government and law.
• Discover the impact of the Crusades and the
  Renaissance on Europe.
• Find out why Europeans began to look beyond their
  borders.

58
What major influences shaped European
civilization?
European beliefs and values were influenced by
Judaism and Christianity, collectively referred
to as the Judeo-Christian tradition.
The political traditions of Greece and Rome also
influenced Europe.
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Christianity Christianity
Christian Beliefs The religion is based on the belief that Jesus was God in human form and that he came to Earth to save the world.
Teachings of Jesus His teachings emphasized love, mercy, and forgiveness. He taught that all people have an equal chance for salvation.
Spread of Christianity Jesus teachings appealed to the poor and the oppressed. This helped the religion spread from the Middle East across Europe.
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The Renaissance The Renaissance
Time Period The Renaissance, a rebirth of learning in Europe, began in the 1300s.
Philosophy and Art European scholars and artists rediscovered classical Greek and Roman texts and art.
Science and Inventions Johann Gutenbergs printing press made more books available and boosted literacy rates.
Powerful New Nation-States The new nationsSpain, Portugal, France, and Englandshifted important trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean.
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Beginning of the Age of Exploration Beginning of the Age of Exploration
Center for Exploration In the 1400s, Prince Henry the Navigator set up a center for exploration at Sagres, Portugal. There, sailors learned to use the magnetic compass and the astrolabe.
Water Route Around Africa By 1498, Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama passed the southern tip of Africa on his way to India. His course became an important trade route and helped boost Portuguese wealth and power.
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Hip Hop History
Long ago, much of the world was covered by ice
layers These thick sheets of ice are called
glaciers As the water froze, the ocean level
dropped Revealing dry land on which people could
walk Watering crops by channeling water from
other places Like rivers and streams is a method
called irrigation Advanced cultures with cities,
science, and industries We name them with the
term civilizations People developed unique ways
of life they were known for The way of life of a
people is called their culture The Pueblo people
like the Zunis and Hopis Made their homes from
brick called adobe In the Arctic, the land was
harsh and vast People hunted in small boats
called kayaks
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Across the ocean, major trade started This helped
to spread Islam founded by Muhammad The West
African Kingdom of Malis ruler Was a Muslim king
named Mansa Musa The Chinese made advancements in
location And plotting ships courses its called
navigation The idea that one God exists is A
belief called monotheism Christianity was started
by a Jewish teacher Who began to preach his name
was Jesus Ordinary citizens make decisions in an
assembly This form of government is direct
democracy People choose representatives to
govern This type of government is called a
republic