Foreigners in China

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Foreigners in China

• The reaction of Chinese government, Chinese
  people and Westerners

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Portuguese are first

• Began trading in 1500s (with Ming). Became the
  middlemen in trading Chinese goods around the
  world
• Also sent missionaries (Jesuits). Huge
  population without an established religion in
  their minds. Attempted to match teachings to
  Confucian ideals

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Chinese Government reactions

• strict restrictions and walls built around the
  settlements so they could not poison Chinese
  culture.
• Only allowed to stay 6 months at a time during
  trading season.
• Missionaries welcomed at court as interesting
  intellectuals, few conversions.

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Peoples reactions

• uninterested but respect Jesuit education.
• Dont convert
• Eventually take offense at missionaries judgment
  of their culture.
• Eventually see these missionaries as
  representatives of the barbaric foreigners.

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Portugese reactions

• Send more missionaries
• Frustration and judgment of people.
• Desire more influence
• Jesuits write much about Chinese culture so
  Europe becomes interested. Unfortunate.

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Other Westerners reactions

• Curious about Chinese art, porcelain, furniture,
  gardens and culture (especially foot binding).
• Want to come see for themselves and trade for
  those goods themselves.
• The Chinese continue to restrict trade from any
  foreigners.

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Chinese edict announced to foreigners attempting
to trade in China

• The products of China are abundant what need
  have we for the small and insignificant goods of
  the distant barbarians? Just because you wanted
  to trade we have had compassion for men from afar
  and did not prohibit you from coming. Now you are
  not able to keep your place and obey the lawsthe
  laws will be upheld and feelings will be
  pacified. Everyone will return to harmonious
  cooperation.

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• Did find a little more interest in the Europeans
  once they started showing up in the late 1500s
  with silver from the new world.

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 President Hu Jintao, Nov 8, 2012

• "We must aim higher and work harder and continue
  to pursue development in a scientific way,
  promote social harmony and improve the people's
  lives," he said.
• China's development should be made more balanced
  and sustainable, he said, and the "serious
  challenge" of corruption should be addressed.
• "Anyone who broke the law would be brought to
  justice, "whoever they are and whatever power or
  official positions they have", he said.

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1800s Europeans pressure more

• By 1800s the Europeans wanted more trade and
  more spheres of influence (Qing, Manchu)
• Why? What is happening in Europe at this time?

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• New wave of European Imperialism around the world
  as revolutions have kicked them out of America
  and Latin America
• Tension and competition among European nations as
  industrialization has flourished. Race for new
  markets and resources.

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Chinese government reaction

• Opened a little more trade but still wanted to
  keep foreigners away.
• Disgusted by arrogance of Europeans.
• Shocked by the Europeans view of the Chinese as
  inferior.
• Expel missionaries (Pope had told Jesuits they
  could not attach ideas to Confucianism anymore)
• Still believed they were superior but did nothing
  to change their ways. Problem, why?

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Peoples Reactions

• Insulted by European behavior
• Dislike of missionaries, some violence will occur
• Oblivious China is big and not all the people
  know whats going on.

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European Reaction

• More pressure.
• Judge the Chinese as backward wont
  industrialize and wont Christianize.
• Viewed as weak.
• Continuous trade in restricted port areas.
• Looking for a way to force more trade on Chinese.
  They find itopium

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Opium

• The Chinese had used it for medicinal purposes.
• By 1800s started being used as a drug and people
  were addicted.
• Coming in along Silk Road from Iran, India,
  Turkey and Afghanistan

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Chinese government reaction

• Outlawed opium smoking (but, oops, some
  government officials are already addicted)
• Outlawed foreigners from trading opium.

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Chinese people

• Get addicted (1 in 3 by mid 1800s)
• Get involved in the trade too
• Oblivious China is a really big place

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Europeans

• England especially continues to smuggle. Makes
  tons of money from the trade and China losing
  lots of silver as their people buy the opium from
  the English.
• 1839 Create a situation for war as a Chinese
  official came to destroy their supplies.
• Superior navy. Why?

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Opium War

• Over quickly
• Treaty of Nanking 1842 unequal treaty first of
  many. More ports opened to Britain and Hong Kong
  given to Britain.
• Extraterritoriality Foreigners did not have to
  follow Chinas laws on Chinas soil.

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Chinese Government Reaction

• Not much.
• Still feel superior and still see no need to
  change a thing.

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Chinese peoples reaction

• Anger at Europeans and own government. Resented
  missionary and merchant presence.
• Suspicious of missionary practice of adopting
  unwanted children rumor that they were eating
  the babies or using their eyes for medicine.
• More violence against foreigners

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European Reaction

• They want more!
• React to violence by sending more gunboats up
  rivers. Gaining more and more territory in China.
• Weakening China to semi-colonial status.
• Everybody wants a sphere of influence. Gobble
  Gobble

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Chinese government reaction

• Not much.
• Still felt superior even though more and more
  European nations were encroaching on Chinese
  territory.
• Signed more and more unequal treaties.

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Chinese people

• Rebellion
• Population had been growing faster than
  resources.
• Widespread poverty and government wasnt doing
  anything to help.
• Frustrated with foreign barbarian occupation.

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Taiping Rebellion

• 1850
• Aimed at Qing Dynasty. Views of communal
  property, and the equality of men and women.
  Sound familiar?
• Rebellion grows in Southern China and fighting is
  fierce.
• Europeans stay out of it but appreciate how it
  weakens the dynasty.
• 1864 peace, 40 million dead and Southern China
  lying in waste.

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Chinese government reaction

• 1860 Self-Strengthening policy.
• Still believed they were superior to Westerners
  but saw a need for some changes.
  http//www.youtube.com/watch?vt3Ff0D-dWew
• Adopted western military style. Aim is
  modernization but very slow progress.
• Remain stubborn and call the hairy barbarians
  technology a few monkey tricks.

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Chinese people

• Work for foreigners at ports and along rivers but
  then realized they are being treated as
  second-class citizens in their own territory.
• Some get educations at Jesuit universities and
  read western books that had been translated by
  Jesuits new education spreads ideas of freedom
  and more ideas of rebellion against Qing.

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Western reaction

• Continued pressure for Chinese trade as Dynasty
  continues to prove its weakness.
• Begin tense competition among each other for
  access.
• America wants in too and forces an Open Door
  Policy on the Chinese and other western nations.

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Open Door Policy

• 1899
• America late in the imperialism game so wants to
  catch up.
• Europeans scared to destroy China because they
  may go to war over its spoils.
• China too weak to deny access.

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Chinese government reaction

• Self-strengthening had been too little too late.
• Some leaders still addicted to opium
• Emperors mother builds a new summer palace with
  a huge marble boat with money that was to be used
  to ease peasant hunger and suffering.

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Chinese people

• Poor and hungry except in merchant areas and then
  just insulted.
• Most hate everything foreign (except those
  getting university educations)
• Impoverished bandits rebel against Qing Dynasty.

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Boxer Rebellion

• 1900
• Original rebellion against Qing but the Empress
  Dowager turns the bandits on missionaries and
  foreigners.
• Either kill the white devils or send them into
  the sea.
• Rampage of burning and killing and believe
  spiritually protected from bullets harm.

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European Reaction

• Fight back to defend their countrymen.
• Boxers arent protected from bullets so European
  technology easily victorious.
• Win the Rebellion

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Europeans decide not to tear China to pieces.
Why?
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Government reaction

• Weaker than ever
• Gone in 1912

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Peoples reaction

• Many different reactions
• Some still oblivious. China is a big place
• Feeling of being defeated both militarily but
  also culturally. Self doubt.
• Rebellion. End the Qing Dynasty forever.

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http//www.northsideprep.org/ncphs/depts/social_sc
ience/cirving/chmra.pdf
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• http//flocabulary.com/modern-china/