Social Policy

1
Social Policy

• Paula Barrenechea, Kaitlyn Bregman, Samantha
  Rodriguez, and Lee Ryan

2
What is Social Policy?

• Social policies are distributive or
  redistributive policies that seek to improve the
  quality of citizens lives
• Deal with quality of life and standards of living
• The poverty threshold is the income level below
  which a family is legally considered poor.
• Calculated by the Census Bureau

3
Social Policy Overview, contd.

• Means-tested programs social programs whose
  beneficiaries qualify by demonstrating need
• Social insurance programs programs that offer
  benefits in exchange for contributions

4
It all comes down to
5
Social Security
6
History

• Created in the 1930s as part of FDRs New Deal
  programs
• Intended to implement social insurance for
  elderly during the Great Depression
• Initial selling point would decrease
  unemployment during the 30s by encouraging older
  workers to retire, opening up job opportunities
  for younger people

7
Funding

• Social Security is paid for by a payroll tax
  money deducted from annual income
• In 1939 the Social Security Act was amended to
  create a trust fund for any surplus funds
• Benefits are funded by taxes imposed on wages of
  employees and the self-employed
• The employer and employee are responsible for
  half of the Social Security tax self-employed
  people are responsible for all of it

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Reform?

• Democrats dont want to see anything changed
• Republicans consider Social Security the ultimate
  Big Government program, but learned its
  popularity with voters makes it untouchable
• However, considering current demographic trends,
  the Social Security trust fund will not be able
  to meet obligations
• Politicians are (reluctantly) begin considering
  reform

10
Current Options

• Raise the retirement age
• Reduce the amount of each Social Security check
• Privatization
• One idea calls for the system to invest some of
  its money in the financial markets instead of in
  relatively listless government bonds

11
Role in Policy Implementation

• Throughout a workers career, the Social Security
  Administration keeps track of his/her earnings
• Amount of monthly benefit the worker is entitled
  to depends on the earning record and the age at
  which the retiree chooses to begin receiving
  benefits
• From its inception, Social Security benefits have
  been paid almost entirely by using revenue from
  payroll taxes

12
Court Cases

• Steward Machine Company v. Davis (5-4)
• Arguments opposed to the SSA held the act went
  beyond the powers that were granted to the
  federal government in the Constitution
• The federal government was forcing each state to
  establish an unemployment-compensation fund that
  would meets its criteria, but it did not have the
  power to enact such a program
• Helvering vs. Davis
• Decdied on same day as the Steward case
• Essentially, the Social Security Tax was
  constitutional as a mere exercise of Congresss
  general taxation powers

13
Related Congressional Committees, Bureaucratic
Departments, and Interest Groups

• AARP CEO A. Barry Rand and President W. Lee
  Hammond
• The Urban League President and CEO Marc. H
  Morial
• Department of Health and Human Services
  Secretary Kathleen Sebelius
• House Education and the Workforce Committee
  Chairman John Kline
• Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and
  Pensions Chairman Phil Roe
• Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and
  Pensions Chairman Tom Harkin
• Subcommittee on Retirement and Aging

14
Cost-Benefit Analysis

• Who pays for it?
• Everyone.
• Who benefits?
• The retired, elderly, widowed, and disabled
• An example of majoritarian politics
• Because we all get old eventually.

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Head-On Collision?
16
Welfare
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Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)

• Passed as part of the Social Security Act of 1935
• Previously, states had put the duty of caring for
  needy children and families on local governments
  using money from local property taxes
• Used until TANF passed in 1996
• Originally called Aid to Dependent Children
• Did not originally give aid to parent/family, but
  did say that the child had to be living with a
  parent or family in order to be eligible for aid
• Caretakers of dependent children did not begin
  receiving federal aid until 1950

18
AFDC

• Federal provisions provided to states in order to
  help children
• State participation completely voluntary
• State would submit a plan to be approved by
  federal administrators
• Had to meet certain minimal conditions to receive
  funds
• Most states proposed a plan due to the Depression
• No fixed amount authorized reimbursement of a
  portion of state spending without a limit on
  total amount

19
Total, Federal, and State Expenditures
20
Trends in Federal Expenditures
21
Welfare and Low-Income Health Care Assistance
Jumps
22
AFDC

• Federal government eventually made the following
  mandatory
• benefits to second parents in families with
  incapacitated/unemployed parents, effective 1984
• benefits to families of incapacitated/unemployed
  parents, effective 1990

23
AFDC Supreme Court Cases

• King v. Smith (1968)
• The real issue before the court was if states
  could decide how to enforce a federal program.
• The Court ruled that AFDC could not be withheld
  from a family due to the presence of a
  substitute father.

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AFDC Supreme Court Cases cont.

• Goldberg v. Kelly (1970)
• NYC residents currently receiving AFDC appealed
  to the Supreme Court, alleging that officials
  administering aid terminated it without notice or
  hearing
• The Court held that
• Due process is applicable to termination of
  welfare benefits
• The benefits of providing welfare outweigh the
  benefits of cutting it
• A pre-termination evidentiary hearing is
  necessary
• Counsel is not necessary but must be allowed
• The decision maker must be impartial.

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AFDC

• Beliefs that influence its creation
• Need to help less fortunate children and by
  extension, their families
• Civic duty
• Individual responsibility
• Entitlements

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AFDC Cost-Benefit Analysis

• Who pays for it?
• Everyone.
• Who benefits?
• Families with dependent children.
• An example of client politics.

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Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)

• Created August 1996 to replace AFDC, Job
  Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS),
  and Emergency Assistance (EA)
• Individualized block grant that help its
  recipients find work and make the need for aid
  temporary
• Instead of the federal government reimbursing
  states for the aid they give, it gives states
  block grants for this specific purpose

28
TANF

• Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 reauthorized TANF
  through 2010, focusing on work, integrity, and
  making families stronger by promoting marriage
  and responsible fathers
• In February 2009, President Obama signed the
  American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, which
  established the Emergency Contingency Fund for
  state TANF programs

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Goals of TANF

• Help needy families so that children can grow up
  in their own homes
• Reduce the neediness of parents of these families
  by helping with job preparation, work, and
  marriage
• Prevent pregnancies outside of marriage
• Encourage families with two parents

30
TANF Work Requirements

• Those receiving TANF must work as soon as they
  are ready for a job and no later than two years
  after they begin receiving assistance
• If parents dont work, benefits can be
  reduced/cut off entirely
• States cannot penalize single parents with a
  child under 6 for failing to meet work
  requirements if they cannot find acceptable child
  care
• States must have a certain proportion of all
  families working or be slapped with a financial
  penalty 50 overall, 90 two parent families

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TANF Work Activities

• Unsubsidized/subsidized employment
• Work experience
• On-the-job training
• Job search/readiness assistance
• Community service
• Vocational education training (no more than a
  year)

• Vocational education training (no more than a
  year)
• Job skills training that is work-related
• Education directly related to work
• Satisfactory secondary school attendance
• Providing child care to individuals participating
  in community service

32
TANF

• Limit for assistance is five years (not
  necessarily consecutive)
• State can choose to extend the period for 1/5 of
  its caseload, or by using their own funds or
  Social Services block grant funds

33
TANF Penalties

• Failure to reduce recipient grants if recipient
  rejects work without good cause
• Severing assistance to single parents with a
  child under 6 who cannot afford child care
• Using funds inappropriately
• Not establishing/maintaining work verification
  procedures

• Failure to meet work requirements
• Failure to comply with five-year limit
• Failure to meet maintenance requirement
• Not submitting data reports
• Failure to participate in the Income and
  Eligibility Verification System

34
Federal Funding for TANF

• In FY 2009, the following Federal funding is
  available for TANF
• TANF Block Grant - 16.5 billion is available to
  States, Territories, and Tribes through the TANF
  block grant.
• Supplemental Grants - 319 million is available
  to 17 States that experienced increases in their
  populations and/or had low levels of welfare
  spending per capita. A state qualified for a
  grant in years after FY 1998 only if it qualified
  in FY 1998.

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TANF Funding, contd.

• TANF Contingency Fund - 1.3 billion is available
  to States that have increased unemployment or
  Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
  caseloads as defined in the Social Security Act.
• TANF Emergency Fund - 5 billion is available
  States, Territories, and Tribes in fiscal year
  (FY) 2009 and FY 2010 that have an increase in
  assistance caseloads and basic assistance
  expenditures, or in expenditures related to
  short-term benefits or subsidized employment.

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TANF Performance
37
TANF Supreme Court Case

• Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez (2001)
• Carmen Velazquez lost welfare benefits under
  TANF she wanted an LSC attorney to represent
  her in challenging the provision of TANF that
  disqualified her for welfare
• Congress passed the Omnibus Consolidated
  Rescissions and Appropriations Act of 1996 which
  did not allow LSC attorneys to represent welfare
  recipients in trying to amend welfare policies
• Possible violation of the First Amendment
• Court ruled that it violated the First Amendment
  by regulating private speech and trying to
  protect and federal law from legitimate judicial
  challenges

38
Problems and Solutions

• Difficult to identify problems- run slightly
  differently in every state due to block grants
• Some states have very work-training focused
  programs- help parents get back on their feet
• Others simply throw money at parents until they
  are no longer eligible
• Solution
• Attach more requirements to block grants so that
  federal government has more control over exactly
  how states run TANF programs

39
TANF

• Beliefs that influenced its creation
• Civic duty
• Individual responsibility
• Responsibility to take care of the less fortunate
• entitlements

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Cost-Benefit Analysis

• Who pays for it?
• Everyone funded by taxes
• Who benefits?
• Families in need
• An example of client politics
• Everyone pays, only the needy families benefit.

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Related Congressional Committees, Bureaucratic
Departments, and Interest Groups

• National Organization for Women President Terry
  ONeill
• Department of Health and Human Services
  Secretary Kathleen Sebelius
• House Education and the Workforce Committee
  Chairman John Kline
• Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and
  Pensions Chairman Phil Roe
• Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and
  Pensions Chairman Tom Harkin
• Subcommittee on Children and Families

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HEALTH CARE
43
Current Policy

• Under current health care policies, American
  citizens purchase health insurance from private
  companies or are given health insurance as part
  of their work benefits.
• Health insurance is a bit of a betting game. The
  insurance company is betting that you will pay
  more in fees and premiums than theyll have to
  pay in your medical bills youre paying the fees
  and premiums just in case something happens.
• Because of this, those with pre-existing
  conditions often face higher fees or are denied
  coverage entirely.

44
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

• Would require most Americans to have health
  insurance
• Would add 16 mill people to Medicaid rolls
• Would subsidize health coverage for low and
  middle class
• Projected cost 938 bil over 10 years, according
  to CBO

45
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

• Immediate Changes
• Those who were denied coverage for a pre-existing
  condition will be offered insurance subsidized by
  the federal government
• Wont allow insurance companies to drop people
  who get sick or increase rates dramatically for
  those with pre-existing conditions
• Extends coverage for children under parents plan
  
• Closes Medicaid donut hole
• Gives tax credits to small businesses so they can
  afford to offer insurance to their employees

46
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

• Short-Term Changes
• Free annual check-ups for those on Medicare
• Reforms Medicaid
• Long-Term Changes
• All Americans must have health insurance or pay a
  fine
• Big companies must provide health insurance with
  benefits
• Gives tax-credits to poor families
• Establish state-based insurance market exchanges

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Because were tired of talking

• heres a video.

48
Court Cases

• State of Florida et al v. US Department of Health
  and Human Services et al (US District Court,
  Northern District of Florida) (2011)
• Second US judge to declare the reform law
  unconstitutional
• Said that the individual mandate crossed the
  line by requiring Americans to buy health
  insurance by 2014 or pay a fine
• Because it is integral to the bill, the whole
  bill must be declared null and void
• Judges in 26 other states (mostly Republican)
  have taken similar stances on the issue
• Will most likely end up in Supreme Court

49
Influential Beliefs and Opponents

• What beliefs influence the creation of this
  policy?
• Both Republicans and Democrats believe the
  healthcare system has been in serious need of
  reform.
• The Democratic plan operates on the premise that
  access to health insurance is a fundamental
  right, and seeks to make it more widely available
  to the uninsured and underinsured.
• Who are their chief opponents or advocates for
  reform?
• Republicans oppose it their alternative is
  focused on reducing the costs of health insurance
• Have made a failed attempt to repeal it better
  solution would be to amend parts of the bill

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Costs and Benefits

• Costs
• Will cost 940 billion
• Money will be provided by new taxes, fees on
  industries involved in health care, and cuts in
  projected spending growth for existing government
  health efforts, primarily Medicare.
• Benefits
• CBO estimates that enacting will produce a net
  reduction in federal deficits of 143 bil from
  2010-2019
• Will help the underinsunred and uninsured

51
Cost-Benefit Analysis

• Who pays for it?
• Everyone partially paid for by taxes
• Insurance companies lose competitive edge
• Who benefits?
• Those who cannot afford health insurance,
  especially those with pre-exisiting conditions
  uninsured and underinsured
• An example of client politics.

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Obamas Thought Process
53
Medicare

• 1965- President Lyndon B. Johnson amended the
  Social Security Act
• Originally, workers intended to pay a small
  payroll tax deduction for it
• Those who receive it pay a monthly premium for
  doctor visits, outpatient services, ER visits,
  etc.
• Fourth most costly program mandatory spending
• 2003- Bush enacted Medicare Modernization Act,
  which extended prescription drug coverage

54
Medicare

• Federal health insurance program for those 65 and
  over, those with permanent kidney failure, and
  some disabled below 65
• Means-tested program
• Managed by states, funded by both state and
  federal governments
• Covers hospital insurance, inpatient hospital
  care, skilled nursing facility care, home health
  care, hospice care, medical insurance (Part B)

55
Court Cases

• Papciak v. Sebelius
• A federal district court in Pittsburgh rejected
  termination of skilled rehabilitation services
  after 5 wks to an 81 yr old nursing home resident
  after hip replacement surgery
• Court said that skilled services can be provided
  if beneficiarys conditions is likely to improve
  materially in a reasonable or generally
  predictable period of time or if services are
  necessary for the establishment of a safe and
  effective maintenance program
• Anderson v. Sebelius
• Secretary utilized informal, unlawful standard
  resulting in denial of services because recipient
  was believed to be medically stable
• Court said services can be covered even when
  recipients condition is stable and unlikely to
  change elibility must be based on unique
  circumstances

56
Opponents and Advocates

• Opponents
• Some argue that its development marked a shift
  away from personal responsibility and toward a
  view that health care is an entitlement that
  others should pay for.
• Conservatives oppose it under belief that it may
  lead America to socialism
• Advocates
• Not generally an unearned entitlement
• Entitlement is most commonly based on a record of
  contributions to the Medicare fund
• Form of social insurance, which makes it
  reasonable for people to pay for insurance for
  sickness when they are older while they are young
  and able to work
• Some will pay in more than they get back and
  other will get back more that they paid, but that
  is just how it is

57
Influential Beliefs

• Prior to 1965, most elderly people had no health
  insurance if they did, it was usually inadequate
  
• Wanted more access to insurance coverage of
  healthcare leading to increased benefits for
  elderly
• Has also led to higher life expectancy and a
  decrease in the poverty rate of eldery

58
Costs and Benefits

• Costs
• Medicare taxes apply to payments of wages,
  regardless of citizenship of either the employee
  or employer
• Medicare Benefits by Service in 2010 510.2
  billion
• Benefits
• Help elderly pay for medical services they paid
  for Medicare when they were younger and working

59
Cost-Benefit Analysis

• Who pays for it?
• Everyone paid for by taxes
• Who benefits?
• All the elderly who cannot afford health
  insurance.
• An example of client politics.

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Sure, blame them
61
Medicaid

• 1965- LBJ amends the Social Security Act
• Gives free healthcare to the poor
• Is funded by national and state governments
• Was originally directly linked with welfare
• Regulated by states more than federal government

62
Medicaid

• One can be retroactively eligible up to three
  months prior to date of application, if one
  would have been eligible then
• Coverage stops when individual rises above
  poverty level
• Most states have their own state programs for
  those who do not qualify for Medicaid
• Hopeful recipients are tested for low income and
  poor assets and resources

63
State and Federal Roles

• The states
• Receive federal funds in proportion to how much
  they spend
• May choose to expand eligibility and benefits
  past minimum federal requirements
• May reduce provider payments and access to
  prescription drugs
• May restrict eligibility and benefits
• Repair shortfalls in spending by increasing taxes
• The federal government
• Makes and open-ended commitment to match spending
  of state Medicaid programs

64
Funding

• Federal government spent 295 billion in 2010
• States will spend 7.4 more than last year- more
  due to recession
• American Recovery and Reinvestment Act provided
  87 billion to states for Medicaid

65
Solutions

• Block grants- would not offer an undeclared
  amount of funds as it does not, but would reduce
  unnecessary costs
• Health Savings Accounts and Vouchers- vouchers
  used to buy private health insurance
• Withdrawing assistance from those who are
  eligible for Medicaid but can afford insurance

66
Opponents and Advocates

• Advocates
• Liberals want more welfare programs for the poor
  believe that it is the duty of the government to
  provide for them
• Opponents
• Conservatives believe in less regulation of
  businesses and healthcare

67
Supreme Court Cases

• California Assistance of Rural Health Clinics v.
  Maxwell-Jolly
• Challenged a law enacted last year that
  eliminated coverage for certain services provided
  by Rural Health clinics
• Court affirmed that health care providers have a
  right to challenge state laws that conflict with
  or violate federal Medicaid requirements

68
Influential Beliefs

• Government should continue to help poor pay for
  health insurance number that need help
  increasing
• Need for health insurance increased as elderly
  population keeps on growing
• Medical costs rising sharply
• Advocacy groups encouraging government action

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Costs and Benefits

• Costs
• Discourages self-help
• Either overuse of medical care or can mean that
  they receive poorer quality care
• Second largest expenditure in most states
• Benefits
• Helps the poor get much needed medical care

70
Cost-Benefit Analysis

• Who pays for it?
• Everyone paid for by taxes
• Who benefits?
• Poor mothers and children, disabled and elderly,
  and those needing long-term care.
• An example of client politics.

71
Related Congressional Committees, Bureaucratic
Departments, and Interest Groups

• AARP CEO A. Barry Rand, President W. Lee Hammond
  
• The Urban League President and CEO Marc H.
  Morial
• AMA Chair of Board of Trustees Dr. Ardis Dee
  Hoven
• Department of Health and Human Services
  Secretary Kathleen Sebelius
• House Education and the Workforce Committee
  Chairman John Kline
• Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and
  Pensions Chairman Phil Roe
• Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and
  Pensions Chairman Tom Harkin
• Subcommittee on Retirement and Aging

72
Social Policy in the Workplace
73
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

• Passed July 26, 1990 by George H.W. Bush
• Belief that works with workers with disabilities
  have a right to be treated equally
• Services provided Accessibility.
• Change in designing curb cuts on streets, ramps,
  lifts, and other designs of products in
  buildings, public spaces, and roads

74
ADA How It Works

• Employers must provide reasonable accommodations
  for disabled employees, unless the accommodations
  pose an undue hardship on the employer.
• Undue hardship an action that causes much
  difficulty and/or expenses when compared to the
  employers size, resources, and operation.
• Examples buying or modifying equipment,
  adjusting modifying exams, training programs, and
  providing interpreters, etc.

75
ADA

• States role is described in five titles
• Title I
• Prohibits employers, including cities and towns,
  from discriminating against qualified job
  applicants and workers who are or who become
  disabled
• Title II
• Prohibits state and local governments from
  discriminating against disabled persons in their
  programs and activities

76
ADA

• Title III
• Prohibits private enterprises who provide public
  accommodations and services (e.g., hotels,
  restaurants, and transit systems) from denying
  goods, services and programs to people based on
  their disabilities
• Title IV
• Makes available telecommunications devices and
  services for the hearing and speech impaired
• Title V
• Miscellaneous provisions that relate to the
  construction and application of the ADA,
  including alternative dispute resolution.

77
Court Cases

• Sutton and Hinton v. United Air Lines Inc.
• Supreme Court re-defined disability. "A
  disability exists only where an impairment
  substantially limits a major life activity, not
  where it might, could, or would be
  substantially limiting if mitigating measures
  were not taken.

78
Court Cases cont.

• Olmstead v. L.C.
• The Supreme Court did conclude that, "under Title
  II of the ADA, States are required to place
  persons with mental disabilities in community
  settings rather than in institutions when the
  State's treatment professionals have determined
  that community placement is appropriate, the
  transfer from institutional care to a less
  restrictive setting is not opposed by the
  affected individual, and the placement can be
  reasonably accommodated, taking into account the
  resources available to the State and the needs of
  others with mental disabilities."

79
Efficacy of ADA

• Because of the ADAs mandating of complimentary
  paratransit services more people can get from one
  place to another buildings have made their
  facilities more accessible to the disabled. Ie,
  touching a button to open door, larger bathroom
  stalls, elevators, etc.
• In 1990, 70 percent of people with disabilities
  were unemployed, and the figure remains the same
  today. Two problems have been adverse court
  rulings and contradictory federal policies that
  make it difficult for people with disabilities to
  work
• Percentage of disabled people unemployed has not
  decreased, because employers find it costly to
  provide all the accommodations for a disabled
  employee

80
ADA

• Usually being disabled limits amount of work that
  can be accomplished
• Percentage of disabled population that can work
  is 6.7
• Proposed solution
• Create Disabled Workers Tax Credit
• Providing a wage subsidy encouraging them to
  remain in or reenter the workplace after becoming
  disabled
• Reduce the cost of rehiring and accommodating

81
ADA

• Some state and local governments have opposed the
  ADA
• Believe it is unconstitutional to encourage a
  division of social class and to provide more
  benefits to one group of people than to another
• Private business owners have also been in
  opposition

82
The ADA and the Bureaucracy

• ADA is enforced by
• Federal Communications Commission
  telecommunications services regulation
• Department of Justice regulations regarding
  public accommodations and state and local
  government services
• Architectural and Transportation Barriers
  Compliance Board issues guidelines to ensure
  that buildings, facilities, and transit vehicles
  are usable by those with disabilities Department
  of Transportation transit regulations
• Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program
  coordinating authority under the employment
  related provisions of ADA Equal Employment
  Opportunity Commission employment regulations
• Civil Rights Center enforces Title II of ADA
  (works with state and local governments)

83
The ADA and Interest Groups

• Media and Disability interest group
• Major contributors
• Members and Staff of the National Council on
  Disability
• Chairperson Marta Bistro
• Vice Chairperson Kate P. Wolters
• Executive Director Ethel D. Briggs
• National Rehabilitation Hospital Research Center
• Dr. Gerben DeJong Director

84
Cost-Benefit Analysis

• Who pays for it?
• Everyone.
• Who benefits?
• The disabled.
• An example of client politics.

85
These are tough times
86
Skills For Americas Future

• Proposed by President Obama in October 2010 to
  improve industry relationships with community
  colleges to ensure that students are acquiring
  skills and knowledge needed to enter the labor
  force
• Goal 5 mil more community college graduates by
  2020
• Works through initiative matches of employers
  (Aspen Institute, McDonalds) with community
  colleges in all states in order to create
  programs to prepare students for working life

87
Skills for Americas Future, cont.

• Efforts in seven main areas
• Executive agency action
• State/gubernatorial outreach
• Workforce investment system outreach
• Educational outreach
• Events
• Media
• Sponsorships

88
Costs and Benefits

• Benefits
• Build career paths with businesses
• Advance teaching of skills
• Establish education partnerships
• Support new online courses
• Costs
• Very new policy- public has not seen effects of
  its implementation yet
• Monetary costs may outweigh the long-term
  benefits
• May significantly reduce employment in young
  adult work force without college education
  because the competition for jobs is already high
  among community college students

89
Cost-Benefit Analysis

• Who pays for it?
• Everyone paid for by taxes
• Who benefits?
• Those who attend community colleges.
• An example of client politics.

90
Education
91
Title I

• Signed by Lyndon B. Johnson in April 1965
• Provides financial assistance through state
  educational agencies (SEAs) to local educational
  agencies (LEAs) and schools with high
  numbers/percentages of poor children to help
  ensure all children meet challenging state
  academic standards based on Census poverty
  ratings and cost of education per state
• Funds support extra instruction in reading,
  math, preschool programs, after-school programs,
  summer programs
• Funding
• appropriations have grown by 60 since 1994 in
  2008, appropriated 13,898,875,000

92
Title I State Involvement

• Title I standards, curriculum, and instruction
  are tied to those developed within each state for
  all children
• Evaluations cannot assess the program in
  isolation from state and local reform efforts
• Developing comprehensive statewide data systems
  allow districts and schools to track student
  achievement over time, link student and teacher
  data, and gather information on school- and
  district-level performance
• Consulting Resolution would eliminate all federal
  funding for statewide data systems

93
Title I State Involvement, contd.

• Presidents budget recognizes that strong data
  systems are critically important in order to
  identify strategies

94
No Child Left Behind

• Proposed by George W. Bush and Senator Ted
  Kennedy (D)
• Main idea if a child begins to fall behind, any
  measures necessary will be taken to get them at
  least to the standards of the state.
• Goals
• Increase the accountability of states, school
  districts, and schools
• Give more choices to parents and students
• Provide more flexibility for states and local
  education agencies when using federal education
  grants
• Put a stronger emphasis on reading, especially
  for younger children

95
Funding

• Federal government has given states 400 mil per
  year to enforce NCLB
• Increased Title 1 grants by 59
• Dept. of Education distributes funding to schools
  and school districts with students from low
  income families
• Gave more flexibility to the states

96
Problems and Solutions

• NCLB offers parents to send their children to
  another school if the local school is in need of
  improvement more difficult for rural children
  due to transportation issues
• Already difficult to find teachers raising
  standards will require more training
• Pathway to Teaching Careers Program (identifying
  and training noncertified teachers), Teachers of
  Tomorrow (offers salary bonuses to teach in
  shortage areas), Teaching as a Priority
  (incentives to teach in low quality schools)
• Only grades 5-12 can be offered learning through
  computer programs
• Those who provide technology for learning do not
  need to provide services to every school district
  in a state this tends to benefit schools in
  cities
• States work with rural school districts to
  identify technological providers in community to
  provide services

97
Opponents and Advocates

• Supporters
• Believe test results will improve the overall
  quality of education
• Want to democratize US education by setting
  standards and providing resources to schools
• Opponents
• Teacher unions
• Do not agree with standardized testing

98
Court Cases

• Horne v. Flores (2009)
• In Jan. 2000, US District Court for Arizona cited
  the state for civil contempt because it failed to
  fund English language learner programs
• Superintendent of programs argued that increases
  in state funding and NCLB altered the foundations
  of district courts ruling on not funding the
  programs
• Supreme Court ruled that the lower courts
  standard was too strict and the federal district
  court could examine legal areas to grant relief
  to AZ

99
Costs and Benefits

• Costs
• Underfunded at the state level
• Concentrates on standardized testing
• Benefits
• Flexibility encouraged accountability

100
Cost-Benefit Analysis

• Who pays for it?
• Everyone paid for by taxes
• Who benefits?
• Public school students, teachers, staff, and
  parents.
• An example of client politics.

101
Related Congressional Committees, Bureaucratic
Departments, and Interest Groups

• House Education and the Workforce Committee
  Chairman John Kline
• Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary, and
  Secondary Education Chairman Duncan D. Hunter
• Subcommittee on Workforce Protection Chairman
  Tim Walberg
• Subcommittee on Higher Education and Workforce
  Training Chairwoman Virginia Foxx
• Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and
  Pensions Chairman Phil Roe

102
Related Congressional Committees, Bureaucratic
Departments, and Interest Groups, cont.

• Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and
  Pensions Chairman Tom Harkin
• Subcommittee on Children and Families
• Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety
• Department of Education Secretary Arne Duncan
• Department of Labor Secretary Hilda L. Solis
• AFL-CIO President Richard L. Trumka
• American Federation of Teachers President Randi
  Weingarten

103
What we really ship to China
104
Bibliography
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