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Chap2. ????????

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Inductive and Deductive

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• Inductive reasoning (???)
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Inductive and Deductive

• Deductive reasoning (???)
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• Scientific method is the process of establishing
  facts.
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• ??(hypothesis) ??
• ?? ??(theory)

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• Scientists demand hard evidence.
• Most good scientists are skeptics
• Any idea, hypothesis, or experiment is certain to
  be challenged by someone.
• Like hypotheses, theories are open to tests,
  revision, and tentative acceptance or rejection.

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Fig. 2.1 ?????????????????????????????????
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• (6) ??????,???????

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????? Audesirk and AudesirkBiology.

• (1) ????organized structures.
• (2) ???????????, a process called homeostasis.
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???????Starr and TaggartBiology

• (1) ??DNA and Biological Organization
• (2) ???? (metabolism)
• (3) interdependency among organisms
• (4) homeostasis
• (5) reproduction
• (6) mutation and adapting to change

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?????? (trap of teleology)

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• Birds migrate southward to escape winter.
• Birds escape winter by migrating southward.
• Birds that migrate southward as winter approaches
  tend to escape the harsh seasonal weather of the
  north.
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• Birds migrate southward to escape winter.
• An atom leaves a bottle in order to go where it
  is less crowded.
• A plant bends toward the light in order to catch
  more sunlight.
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Phenomenology ? ??

• Phenomenology (???),?????????????????
• Observation and experiences are also described in
  terms of the scientists own intuition.
• Biology must be the most phenomenological of all
  the sciences, because life itself is so variable
  and changeable.
• When intuitions differ from one scientist to the
  next, so do explanations, and scientific
  arguments may result.
• This makes biology fun and keep biologists
  thinking.

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??????? (Table 2.3)

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Table 2.3
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• Should researchers, funded with public money,
  pursue their own research interests or should
  they direct their attention to solving our
  immediate problems?
• Should scientists be expected to put down the
  pen, shut off the computer, and step onto the
  soapbox?

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Fig. 2.4 ????Dioxin?
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Essay 2.1 The controlled experiment

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Essay 2.2 Exploring the Earth

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japalura_at_hotmail.com Ayo NUTN
website http//myweb.nutn.edu.tw/hycheng/