Latin America and the Caribbean

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Latin America and the Caribbean

• Regions Landscapes and a brief History of the
  region

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Atlantic Ocean
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Gulf of Mexico
X
Bahamas
Baja California
Volcanoes!
Yucatan Peninsula
Sierra Madre Occidential
Sierra Madre Oriental
Lesser Antilles
Puerto Rico
Cuba
Jamaica
Hispanola
Isthmus of Tehuntapec
Greater Antilles
Pacific Ocean
X
Caribbean Sea
X
Central America
Panama Canal
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Caribbean Sea
X
Angel Falls
Lake Maracaibo
Atlantic Ocean
X
Guiana Highlands
Galapagos Islands
Amazon River Basin
Andes Mountains
Pacific Ocean
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Lake Titicaca
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Lake Titicaca
Atacama Desert
Gran Chaco
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Pampas
Andes Mountains
Patagonia
Falkland Islands
South Georgia Islands
Tierra del Fuego
Strait of Magellan
Drake Passage
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Geography Issues
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• Ring of Fire
• Mexico, Central America, west coast of South
  America
• Volcanoes and earthquakes
• Chile earthquake in Feb, 2010 (8.8)
• Landslides from earthquakes
• Hurricanes (Caribbean and Central America)
• Caribbean Islands are all volcanoes on edge of a
  plate
• Some volcanoes still active
• Haiti earthquake in Jan, 2010 (7.0 200,000 dead)

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Landslide from 2001 earthquake in El Salvador
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• Atacama Desert
• Driest place on earth
• Rainfall lt1mm/year
• 50x more arid than Death Valley
• 100 miles x 600 miles

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Angel Falls 3,212 ft tall 2,663 ft water
drop Niagara 167 feet
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• Falkland Islands
• Currently owned by UK (claimed by Argentina)
• 1982 Argentina invaded to regain control
• 2 month war Argentina lost
• Residents are UK citizens
• Reject Argentinas claim

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• Three Regions
• Gran Chaco
• Last frontier of South America
• Dry, largely uninhabited
• Pampas
• Very fertile, big for farming
• Patagonia
• Southern end of Andes mountains and large flat
  plains
• Colder climate than rest of South America
• Especially in higher altitudes
• Mining, whaling, sheep and wheat farming, tourism
• Cougars, penguins, flamingos, parakeets, Orca,
  elephant seals

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Isthmus of Tehuantepec
120 Miles across
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Amazon River

• Largest river in the world (water volume)
• 2nd longest in world 4,000 miles
• 1,000 tributaries
• 7 tributaries are 1,000 miles long 1 2,000
  mi.
• 1/5 of all flowing water on Earth
• Largest drainage basin 2,669,000 mi2
• Discharges 6,180,000 ft3 of water per second
• 10x more than the Mississippi, 56x more than the
  Nile
• Room 7308 ft3Amazon 845.6 rooms!
• Mixes with ocean water 100 miles out
• Through most of Brazil, depth 150 feet

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History

• Areas first populated by Indians 6000 BC
• Olmec E. Mexico ? 1200 400 BC
• Maya S. Mexico and Central America ? 250 900
  AD
• First full Pre-Columbian writing system
• Pioneers in math and astronomy
• Aztecs Central Mexico ? 1248 1521
• Capital Tenochtitlan (built on an island in
  Lake Texcoco)
• Pyramids, monuments
• Incas Andes ? 1200s mid-1500s
• Roads, farmers, terraces, monuments

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Tenochtitlans Temple District
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Maya Temple
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Machu Picchu, PeruLost Inca settlement
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Europeans!

• Columbus
• 1492
• Italian sailed claimed for Spain
• Landed in Bahamas Indians!
• West Indies
• After Columbus Spain and Portugal
• Came for mining, farming and gold
• Pope draws Line of Demarcation cuts area in 2
• Portugal gets land east of Line (Brazil), Spain
  gets west (everywhere else)
• Explore Caribbean, Mexico and Florida area
• St. Augustine, FL oldest continuous European
  settlement 1565

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Santa Maria (replica)
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Columbus' First Voyage
Oct 1492
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Columbus' Second Voyage
1493-94
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Columbus' Third Voyage
1498
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Columbus' Fourth Voyage
1502 1504
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• Notable Spanish and Portuguese explorers
• Amerigo Vespucci (Italian, working for Portugal)
  Explored east coast of S. America (1500)
  namesake of America
• Ponce de León Florida (1513) Fountain of Youth?
• Vasco de Balboa First to cross Isthmus of Panama
  and first European to see the Pacific Ocean
  (1513)
• Ferdinand Magellan Sailed through Strait of
  Magellan, named Pacific Ocean (1520)
• Hernán Cortés Mexico, wiped out Aztec Empire
  (1521)
• Francisco Pizzaro Conquered Inca Empire (1533)
  established Lima
• Hernando de Soto SE US discovered Miss. River
  (1541)

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• Spanish conquistadors
• Introduces guns, horses, disease (smallpox)
• Hernán Cortéz wipes out Aztecs in 1521
• Claimed Mexico for Spain
• Begins construction of Mexico City
• Francisco Pizarro conquers Inca in 1533
• Indians relocated and used as slaves
• Haciendas Spanish plantations, ranches
• By 1650, native population fell by 80
• Mid 1600s French, British, Dutch come
• Stick mostly to Caribbean Islands and South
  American coastal areas
• Big crop Indigo

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• New land used for different reasons
• Trading Post Control area for trade benefit
• Dependency Establish new area of home country,
  small group of settlers control natives
• Plantations Large scale farms, large group of
  3rd party slaves
• Slaves from Africa brought in by several European
  nations
• Earliest were in early- to mid-1500s (Portuguese)
• Created new races
• Mestizos European and Indian mix
• Mulattos European and African mix

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Netherlands
France
Portugal
Spain
Great Britain
1674
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Independence

• Began in early 1800s
• Haiti was first nation to revolt (1804)
• Led by slaves
• Mexico 1821
• Military and rich take over poor suffer
• Today Most countries are free
• Some islands still parts of European countries
• Constant takeovers and problems
• People are mix of Europeans and Africans
• Language of European colonizers dominates

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Bermuda
UK
US
UK
UK
France
Neth.
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