The fourth wave of immigration

1
The fourth wave of immigration

• Asians and Hispanics

2
Legislation

• From the first wave laws, quotas
• New immigration Act 1965
• Removed quotas from various European countries
• Allowed family mbers of US citizens to emigrate
  without being counted in the annual total

3
Impact

• Ethnic tensions
• Chinese residents confined to Chinatowns
• Japanese residents denied access to property
  ownership and education
• 1930 Depression
• Mexican Americans Mexican citizens forcibly
  return to Mexico
• WWII 2 worst outbreaks of prejudiced behaviour
  in CA

4

• 1- forced relocation internment of more than
  100.000 Japanese people (2/3 were US citizens
• ? led to psychological and financial hardship
• After war only about 10 of their assets
  remained
• ?so had to start all over again

5
In response to the Army's Exclusion Order No.
20, residents of Japanese ancestry appear at
Civil Control Station at 2031 Bush Street, for
registration. The evacuees will be housed in War
Relocation Authority centers for the duration. --
Photographer Lange, Dorothea -- San Francisco,
California. 4/25/42 Contributing
InstitutionThe Bancroft Library. University of
California, Berkeley.
6

• 2-  Zoot-suit riots , 1943
• Zoot-suit gangster style clothes worn by some
  young American Mexicans
• About 200 Us navy sailors attacked mbers of
  Hispanic gangs in east LA
• LA PoliceDpt stood by and watched bcse Control
  of rioters job of shore patrol military police

7
Allegiance and conformity a must in time of
war and social changes

• The zoot suit was one part of the jazz world that
  visually defied the norms of segregation.
• Unwritten rules demanded that people of color
  remain unseen and unheard in public spaces, but
  the zoot suit, with broad shoulders, narrow
  waist, and ballooned pants, was loud and bold.
  Zoot-suited young men (and some young women) held
  themselves upright and walked with a confident
  swagger that seemed to flow from the very fashion
  itself
• Many Angelenos objected to the zoot suiters --
  including, incidentally, older generations of
  Mexican Americans, whose communities were
  traditional, conservative, and self-contained.
  Critics saw Mexican American youths as cultural
  rebels and delinquents who openly defied
  cherished American values and customs

8
Impact

• ? Formal protest by Mex Gvt
• ? Riots finally ended
• Cold War ?Defense-related industries (aircraft,
  electronics) Benefitted CA economically
• But 1960 ( promise of a better life)
• Alcatraz Island (SF) occupied by military Native
  Americans ?Cultural and economic protest
• Cesar Chavez (leader of the United Farm Workers)
  opposed terrible living conditions exploitation
  of migrant agricultural workers
•  Bracero  (day laborer) program
• Permitted  temporary  work by immigrants from
  Mexico
• Ended 1964
• But illegal workers continued to pour across the
  border.
• public concern focused on young people in
  barrios ?deeply involved in gangs

9
Backlash Watts Riots 1965, LA

• Violence /poverty/despair in the midst of
  prosperity and optimism
• ?Americans were shocked
• Incident triggered by a drunk driving arrest
• ?African Americans rioters looted burned
  buildings in Watts ( inner-city ghetto)
• Watts pop 10X greater in 1965 than in 1940
• Riots 6 days,
• Spread to adjoining areas
• National Guard called out to help contain it
• 34 people died
• 1.000 injured
• 40 million worth of property damaged or
  destroyed

10
Original caption "Silhouetted by the cool gush
of a broken fire hydrant, a National Guardsman
stands ready for further trouble in the
strife-torn Watts district of Los Angeles. For
six days, the Negro area was filled with
violence. To quell the unending rush of frenzied
mobs, 10,000 National Guard soldiers were
stationed in the area."
11
Original caption "A liquor store at the corner
of Santa Barbara and Avalon streets in Los
Angeles is looted by a group of Negroes, one of
whom hurriedly loads his car. The scene is one of
many of a similar nature which took place in the
riot-plagued Watts district of the city."
12
Original caption "Three buildings burn on Avalon
Boulevard during the third day of rioting in the
Watts section of Los Angeles."
13
"Amid the ruins after recent riots in Los
Angeles, Tony's shoe shine stand re-opens for
business. Tony, located in one of the hardest-hit
areas at 48th and Broadway, is one example of the
many small businessmen without a roof to work
under."
14
Resuming tensions

• 1970,1992 more riots in LA again
• 1970s, 1980s, 1990s CA experienced Major
  changes in three areas
• Economy
• Pop patterns
• Politics

15
Economy

• Dependent on fed defense spending
• Cold War tensions? Us foreign policy changed
• ? sector in recession
• Technical and communication skills more
  important for job seekers
• ?Access to good education became crucial
• Continuing eco instability ? gap bw rich and
  poor?
• Uneven eco recovery some sectors and regions
  remain depressed.

16
Population

• 1965 US loosened imm restrictions
• ?New wave of immigration from
• Latin America
• Asia
• Pacific Islands
• 1970-1983 Imm Hisp, Asians, others moved to
  LA county
• CAs pop grew rapidly
• Hisp Asians crowded into poorer inner city areas
  such as Watts where African Americans were
  already living
• ?Conflicts bw Chinese(earlier imm) ) and newer
  arrivals
• US Census 2000
• 35.3 M Hispanics 13 of the pop
• 35.4 M non hisp black African Americans 13
  of the pop
• 11.6 M Asians 4 of the pop

17

• CA Pop
• 32.4 Hisp
• 6.7non Hisp blackAfrican Americans
• 11.2 Asians
• Caucasians
• 75.1 of US pop
• 59.5 of CA pop
• CA has received disproportionately large nber
  of 4th wave imm

18
Why?

• Origins and Diversity of Asian imm
• Vietnamese
• Cambodian
• Chinese
• Taiwanese
• Korean ( cf listing in source 8)

19
Legislation

• 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and immigrant
  responsibility Act
• New financing for border patrols
• Made it easier to deport illegal aliens
• 2005 Legal immigration and family equity
  (LIFE)Act
• Encourage illegal aliens to obtain visas or be
  sponsored for citizenship application

20
Tensions

• 1980s-1990s
• Certain parts of Ca eco weakened
• Racial and ethnic composition of CA pop continued
  to change
• Backlash against newest immigrants?
• 1992 LA riots
• Acquittal of white police officers who had beaten
  a black motorist
• Riots expanded? looting burning of stores owned
  by Asians (esp Koreans) in neighbourhoods
  occupied by Afr,Asian and Hispanic Americans
• 2 years later Proposition 187 (CA) approved by
  voters but did not become a law
• Excluded illegal aliens from public schools non
  emergency med care
• 1998 CA voted to replace bilingual teaching /
  English immersion classes for imm children
• But 4th wave imm continued to go to CA despite
  recent anti-imm backlash in CA

21
Primary sources

• Hispanics all from Mexico
• VALUES and OBSTACLES
• Belief in hard work (sources 2,5,7,9)
• Importance of education (sources 1,2,3,4,6)
• Hardships of poverty (sources 5,7,11)
• Family and community ties (sources 2,3,4,6,7,9,
  even teenage gang mbers12)
• Relationships with whites (sources 3,10,11,13))
• An ex of success story (source 6)
• 3rd wave of imm her family provided highly
  respected model for later imm
• Relationship bw parents and children
• ?all immigrants are not the same
• So urban immigrants have a better chance to start
  their own small businesss send their children
  to school than agr workers

22
Conclusion

• 1980s-1990 national debate about impact of 4th
  wave of immigrants
• New imm a drain to educational institutions
  social services troubled health care system?
• OR
• New imm generate more through taxes they pay?
• Some racist gps began to complain about the
   Browning  of the USA
• Illegal imm
• ? Congress passed 4 major pieces of legislation
• 1986 Imm Reform and Control Act amnesty
  legalisation to 3 million seasonal agr workers
  other workers
• 1990 Immigration Act
• Facilitated entrance for highly skilled imm

23
1980s Immigration A hot political issue again

• About 600.000 legal imm (Hispanics Asians) each
  year
• About 500.000 illegal/undocumented imm/year
• Visible presencepoorculturally and racially
  different from dominant Anglo pattern
• Noticeable impact on
• Local state politics
• Opinion polls Americans concerned with
• Crime
• Education
• Health care
• Other social services

24
Situation Today in California

• Most populous state in the US
• Kind of  mirror  for what is happening in
  America
• Most ethnically and racially diverse state
• Early prosperity
• Due to national ressources gold , lumber, fish,
  salt, borax, range land)
• Latter half of 19th C CA magnet
• ?pop doubled every 20 years until mid 1920s
• 1/3 of increase due to birthrate
• Remainder of increase due to imm imm from states
• Ethnic tensions violence against minority gps
  common

25
Early 20th Century

• Growth of new sectors of CAs eco
• Birth of Hollywood film industry
• Dvt of oil industry
• Establishment of wineries
• Rise of agribusiness of Central valley
• Early 20th also progressive reformers
• Restrain pol influence of railroads big
  business
• Conserve natural beauty of the state (ex
  Yosemite area)

26
Recent iIllegal immigration in the US

• The Pew Hispanic Center has developed new
  estimates for the size and key characteristics of
  the population of foreign-born persons living in
  the United States without proper authorization
  using data from the March 2004 Current Population
  Survey which is conducted by the U.S. Census
  Bureau and the Department of Labor.
• Major findings include
• Following several years of steady growth, the
  number of undocumented residents reached an
  estimated 10.3 million in March 2004 with
  undocumented Mexicans numbering 5.9 million or 57
  percent of the total.
• As of March 2005, the undocumented population has
  reached nearly 11 million including more than 6
  million Mexicans, assuming the same rate of
  growth as in recent years.
• About 80 to 85 percent of the migration from
  Mexico in recent years has been undocumented.
• Since the mid-1990s, the most rapid growth in the
  number of undocumented migrants has been in
  states that previously had relatively small
  foreign-born populations. As a result, Arizona
  and North Carolina are now among the states with
  the largest numbers of undocumented migrants.
• Although most undocumented migrants are young
  adults, there is also a sizeable childhood
  population. About one-sixth of the
  population--some 1.7 million people-- is under 18
  years of the age

27
Detailed picture of the number and socio-economic
status of the nations immigrant or foreign-born
population, both legal and illegal. The data was
collected by the Census Bureau in March 2007.

• The nations immigrant population (legal and
  illegal) reached a record of 37.9 million in
  2007.
• Immigrants account for one in eight U.S.
  residents, the highest level in 80 years. In 1970
  it was one in 21 in 1980 it was one in 16 and
  in 1990 it was one in 13.
• Nearly one in three immigrants is an illegal
  alien. Half of Mexican and Central American
  immigrants and one-third of South American
  immigrants are illegal.

28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
Social gap

• Since 2000, 10.3 million immigrants have arrived
  the highest seven-year period of immigration in
  U.S. history. More than half of post-2000
  arrivals (5.6 million) are estimated to be
  illegal aliens.
• The largest increases in immigrants were in
  California, Florida, Texas, New Jersey, Illinois,
  Arizona, Virginia, Maryland, Washington, Georgia,
  North Carolina, and Pennsylvania.
• Of adult immigrants, 31 percent have not
  completed high school, compared to 8 percent of
  natives. Since 2000, immigration increased the
  number of workers without a high school diploma
  by 14 percent, and all other workers by 3
  percent.
• The share of immigrants and natives who are
  college graduates is about the same. Immigrants
  were once much more likely than natives to be
  college graduates.
• The proportion of immigrant-headed households
  using at least one major welfare program is 33
  percent, compared to 19 percent for native
  households.
• The poverty rate for immigrants and their
  U.S.-born children (under 18) is 17 percent,
  nearly 50 percent higher than the rate for
  natives and their children.
• 34 percent of immigrants lack health insurance,
  compared to 13 percent of natives. Immigrants and
  their U.S.-born children account for 71 percent
  of the increase in the uninsured since 1989.

31
Progress over time but

• Because of low education level even those who
  have been here for 20 years are more likely to be
  in poverty, lack insurance, or use welfare than
  are natives.
• Immigration accounts for virtually all of the
  national increase in public school enrollment
  over the last two decades. In 2007, there were
  10.8 million school-age children from immigrant
  families in the United States.
• Immigrants and natives have similar rates of
  entrepreneurship 13 percent of natives and 11
  percent of immigrants are self-employed.
• Recent immigration has had no significant impact
  on the nations age structure. Without the 10.3
  million post-2000 immigrants, the average age in
  America would be virtually unchanged at 36.5
  years.

32
Obstacles to assimilation and integration

• European and South Asians ? dispersed ?need to
  speak English and become familiar with American
  culture
• Spanish speaking Latin Americans ? large and
  concentrated communities ? less incentive to
  speak English. Reduce the need to Americanize.