HIS 112 Chapter 27

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HIS 112Chapter 27

• Headed for War Again

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• At the same time FDR was president in the U.S.,
  Adolf Hitler , head of the Nazi Party, became
  Chancellor of Germany (Prime Minister of the
  Weimar Republic)
• The president of Germany at the time was Paul von
  Hindenburg
• When Hitler became Chancellor, he began working
  to gain absolute power, especially after the
  death of Paul von Hindenburg

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• Hitler despised democracy
• He worked his way into the hearts and minds of
  the German people by playing up their
  frustrations
• The Treaty of Versailles
• Their enemies Jews, Communists, and Socialists

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New Deal Foreign Policy

• Cordell Hull was named Secretary of State
• He was content to follow the foreign policy
  guidelines of Hoover and his Secretary of State,
  Henry Stinson
• FDR initiated the Good Neighbor Policy, the role
  the U.S. was to play in Central and South America

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• Good Neighbor Policy
• A less controversial way of maintaining influence
  in Latin America
• The U.S. would be less blatant in its domination
  of Latin America
• Less willing to defend exploitative business
  practices
• Less eager to send in military force
• American investments in Latin America would
  increase

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• U.S. would train the national guard in various
  Latin American nations to support their dictators
  like Trujillo in Dominican Republic, 1930-1961
  and Somozas in Nicaragua, 1936-1979
• FDR removed marines from Haiti, Nicaragua, and
  the Dominican Republic who had been sent there by
  other presidents to restore order and protect
  American interests
• U.S. had large investments in Cuban sugar industry

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• After a 1933 revolution led by Ramon Grau San
  Martin, which threatened American interests, U.S.
  encouraged a coup that brought Batista to power
• Batista established a pro-American dictatorship
  that lasted until 1959
• 1917, Mexico claimed ownership of its land and
  raw materials and that threatened American
  investments
• 1938, Mexico expropriated property of all foreign
  owned petroleum companies

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• 1941, the U.S. conceded that Mexico owned its raw
  materials and then Mexico compensated American
  companies for their lost property
• Roosevelt decided to take Mexicos offer because
  he was afraid they would sell their oil to
  Germany and Japan, and he remembered the
  Zimmerman Telegram of World War I
• At a Pan-American Conference the members agreed
  to reduce sales of raw materials to Germany,
  Japan, and Italy and increased sales to the U.S.
  showing their gratitude for removing soldiers
  from their countries

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New Deal Policy in Asia

• Followed Hoovers lead which was to maintain
  Chinas independence and American trading rights
  called the Open Door Policy
• U.S. tried to do this at the same time Japan was
  trying to take over China bit by bit
• Chinas leader at the time was Chiang Kai-shek
  who was disorganized, inefficient, corrupt, but
  anti-communist

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• 1931, Japan took over Manchuria and set up the
  puppet state of Manchukuo
• Stimson, Hoovers Secretary of State, believed
  the U.S. should retaliate against Japan by
  imposing economic sanctions Hoover disagreed
• Instead, Hoover announced the U.S. would not
  recognize the legality of any territory taken by
  force
• This was known as the Stimson Doctrinewhich was
  curious Stimson didnt recommend this

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• 1932, Japan attacked Shanghai and terrorized the
  people
• 1937, Japan bombed Shanghai and its civilians
• FDR responded with words, not actions he didnt
  want war with Japan

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USSR

• U.S. didnt recognize the Soviet Union in the
  1920s
• However, some American did business with USSR
• By 1930, USSR was the largest buyer of American
  agricultural and industrial equipment
• With the depression, businessmen urged the formal
  recognition of USSR to stimulate American business

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• FDR granted formal recognition to Soviet Russia
  in 1933
• Within a few years, Soviet-American relations had
  become embittered

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Neutrality Policy of U.S.

• Neutrality Acts, 1935-1937
• Neutrality Act of 1935 prohibited arms
  shipments to either side once the president had
  declared the existence of belligerency
• Neutrality Act of 1936- forbade loans to
  belligerents
• Neutrality Act of 1937- introduced cash-and
  carry principle for trade with warring nations,
  and forbade Americans from traveling on
  belligerent vessels

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Worldwide Events Were Heating Up

• 1935- Hitler introduced universal military
  training and Italy invade Ethiopia and took it
  only with Germanys help
• 1936- Francisco Franco, Spanish General, rebelled
  against an unstable democratic government in
  Spain he succeeded after receiving support from
  Italy and Germany who tested their new weapons
  there
• 1937- Japan took over Peiping, the northern
  capital of China, and then took most of Chinas
  coastal peovinces

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• March, 1938- the Anschluss the forced political
  union of Germany with Austria, increasing
  Hitlers resources
• September, 1938- Hitler said he wanted to reunite
  all German-speaking people under one flag, so he
  demanded the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia be
  given to Germany Appeasement
• Britain and France let him have it hoping that
  was all he wanted

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• March, 1939- Hitler seized the rest of
  Czechoslovakia

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Closer Look at 3 Aggressor Nations

• Japan
• Had few natural resources and little
• Wanted China for economic reasons
• Was the U.S. 3rd largest customer buying cotton,
  copper, scrap iron, and oil
• American trade was important to Japan

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• Italy
• Benito Mussolini was its fascist leader
• He was described as a strutting buffoon
• By itself, Italy was no threat to the world
• Couldnt take over Ethiopia by itself needed
  Germanys help to do it

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• Germany
• Adolf Hitler was its fascist leader
• Hitler was head of Nazi Party
• Serious threat to world peace
• Wrote down his plans for European domination in
  Mein Kampf not taken seriously at first
• Hitler knew just what he could get away with in
  Europe
• Re-started arms industry
• Re-started military training
• Re-armed Rhineland
• Took Austria
• Took Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia

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• Hitlers actions broke the Treaty of Versailles
• All 3 aggressor nations were anti-democratic
• All exalted totalitarianism
• All had Fascist governments
• Hirohito Emperor of Japan
• Mussolini Il Duce of Italy
• Hitler Fuhrer of Germany

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• They all put the interests of the state over
  those of the individual
• Nazism, with its racist policies, was criminal
• Promoted a pure Aryan race
• Promoted anti-Semitism
• Felt any non-Aryan was subhuman Jews and
  gypsies, for example
• Nazis disposed of, exiled, and silenced German
  communists, socialists, democrats, Jews, gypsies,
  handicapped, and homosexuals

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• Hitler
• Brutalized Jews
• Stripped them of their citizenship and civil
  rights
• Deported them
• Put them in concentration camps
• Worked them to death or
• Sent them to extermination camps, the Final
  Solution

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• Each time Hitler broke a stipulation of the
  Treaty of Versailles, he got no resistance from
  other European nations
• By September 1939, Hitler began to encounter some
  resistance from other European nations
• Hitler and Stalin formed the Nazi-Soviet Pact
  an agreement to help each other take over Poland
  in September of 1939

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• Germany would invade from the west and USSR would
  invade from the east
• 1 September 1939, the invasion of Poland began
• In response, Britain and France declared war on
  Germany but werent adequately prepared to defend
  Poland
• During the winter of 1939-1940, an uneasy quiet
  fell over Europe

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• This was called the Phony War when neither side
  attacked the other
• The French and the British had decided on a
  defensive war and waited at the Maginot Line, a
  system of fortifications France had constructed
  in the 1930s.
• It ran along the common border between France and
  Germany
• France and Britain then dropped pamphlets over
  Poland telling Hitler to go

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• During the French and British silence, Hitler
  prepared for his Blitzkrieg, lightning war
  (fast-moving troops and tanks with air support)
• Beginning in 1940, there were massive land, sea,
  and air attacks against other European countries
• April 1940- Denmark and Norway were taken
• May 1940- Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands
  fell
• June 1940- France fell to Hitler

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• After a 6-week fight, France fell
• Britain had 300,000 men there and tried to
  quickly remove them in all manner of boats
• Then Britain awaited Hitlers attack on them
• Germany bombarded England with aerial attacks
  during the summer of 1940

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• Italy then joined in the fight with Germany
  against France
• They also faced British and ANZAC forces
  (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) in Libya,
  North Africa

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Operation Barbarossa

• USSR was under the impression that it was an ally
  of Germany
• There was that Nazi-Soviet Pact
• However, that proved to be false as of the summer
  of 1941
• Hitler remembered World War I and its 2-front war
• To avoid that this time, Hitler made a pact with
  USSR just until western Europe had been subdued

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• With western Europe fairly subdued, Hitler turned
  on USSR
• Russians werent prepared
• They lost ground until the fall they then began
  to hold their ground
• When the Russian winter began, Germans werent
  prepared for it
• Hitler lost 750,000 men during his first year of
  attack

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• German troops almost surrounded Leningrad in the
  north and Moscow to the south
• 1942, Germans advanced towards Stalingrad, but
  their campaign stalled

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Changes in the American Attitude

• American attitude about involvement in the war
  began to change during the summer of 1940 after
• The fall of France
• The resistance of the British
• As early as 1938 Roosevelt felt that only a show
  of force would stop Hitler but would not take
  definitive action without the backing of the
  American people

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• 1939, at FDRs request, Congress repealed the
  Neutrality Acts, so war materials could be sold
  on a cash-and-carry basis
• FDRs responses to Hitlers victories
• Ordered the sale of surplus World War I equipment
  to Britain and France in May 1940
• Traded 50 old American destroyers to Britain for
  leases to bases in England in September 1940
• Approved Selective Training and Service Act,
  first peacetime draft in American history

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• 1940, FDR ran for a third term against Wendell
  Wilkie
• FDR won
• After election, FDR send the Lend-Lease Bill to
  Congress in response to a request from Winston
  Churchill, Prime Minister of England
• Lend-Lease was approved in March of 1941

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• Lend-Lease allowed America to act as the arsenal
  of democracy where all sorts of arms could be
  loaned to Britain
• Sent naval patrols to the Atlantic so they could
  protect delivery of weapons
• Sent troops to Greenland
• Sent aid to USSR
• The total of all this aid was 54 billion. By
  this time the U.S. was at war in everything but
  name

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• August, 1941, FDR met with Churchill on 2 ships
  Prince of Wales, British and the Augusta,
  American
• Met off the coast of Newfoundland
• Adopted mutual war aims
• Called the Atlantic Charter
• Self-determination of nations after the war
• Free trade
• Freedom of the seas
• Disarmament of aggressor nations
• United Nations, 1945

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• Pro-war sentiment was growing, especially after
  some incidents between American destroyers and
  German submarines
• Greer Incident, September 1941 a German
  submarine fires on the Greer FDR ordered them to
  fire on submarines on sight
• Roosevelt did not tell the public that the Greer
  had been tailing the submarine for hours and
  reporting its location to British planes
• Kearney Reuban James, October of 1941 Germans
  torpedoed Kearney and sank Reuban James 100
  sailors lost

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• By autumn 1941, FDR believed he had the support
  of most Americans to enter the war against
  Germany
• Hitler had to be stopped at any cost
• The America First Committee opposed this move
  they felt protecting Britain was not a worthy
  cause
• While we debated war with Germany, Japan turned
  our eyes to the Pacific

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Japan

• FDR had initiated a partial embargo against Japan
  in 1940 because it had not given up any Chinese
  territory
• Then in July of 1941, FDR froze Japanese assets
  and ended trade with Japan
• Negotiations were going on to end the embargo
• Japan wanted a meeting between the Japanese Prime
  Minister and FDR
• U.S. refused until Japan left China and got out
  of the Tripartite Pact (an alliance of Japan,
  Italy, Germany)

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• Having broken the Japanese Code, FDR knew Japan
  was committed to war if oil embargo wasnt lifted
  and were preparing forces at the beginning of
  December 1941
• Even so, the U.S. did not know where they would
  attack and felt Japan would have to fire the
  first shot so to have the full support of the
  American people

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Pearl Harbor

• The attack was on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941
• Surprise attack on Sunday morning
• Result sank or badly damaged 8 battleships, 7
  other vessels, 188 airplanes and killed or
  wounded 3,435 servicemen
• 8 December 1941, FDR went before Congress and
  described 7 December as a day that will live in
  infamy

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• Both Houses, except for Representative Jeannette
  Rankin, a pacifist, voted for war
• By December 1941, more than 1.5 million men were
  in uniform and most were well-trained
• By the end of the war in 1945, 15 million had
  served
• Majority -- drafted

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• Cost of the war
• 1941 - 2 billion / month
• 1942 - 15 billion/ month
• 1945 cost of war was 300 billion
• National debt in 1941 - 48 billion
• 1945 - 247 billion

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• The size of the federal government grew from 1.1
  million civilian employees in 1940 to 3.3 million
  in 1945
• There was waste, inefficiency, and corruption
• Senator Harry S. Truman headed a committee to
  investigate this
• This brought him to the attention of FDR and
  resulted in Truman being FDRs Vice President
  during his short 4th term

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• Factories began making war products
• 1944, 96,000 airplanes came out of the factories
• Unemployment ended in the U.S. during World War
  II
• Factories had trouble finding enough workers
• Blacks found security in war industries they
  could not discriminate

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• Women of all ages and levels of education worked
  in war industries
• Rosie the Riveter
• Independent women did not return to their homes
  after the war they liked getting that paycheck

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U.S. Battle with Japan

• When u.s. declared war on Japan, Germany declared
  war on U.S. in turn, we declared war on Germany
• But we had been attacked by Japan
• After bombing Pearl Harbor, Japanese under
  Admiral Yamamoto quickly took
• Malaysia, Hong Kong, Philippines
• Java, Guam, 2 American Aleutian Islands
• British Singapore, Burma, Dutch East Indies

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• Japanese were establishing a buffer zone around
  Japan
• When Japanese landed in the Philippines, the U.S.
  had troops on the island under the direction of
  Douglas MacArthur
• When the island was about to fall to the
  Japanese, FDR got MacArthur and some troops out
• 20,000 were left on Bataan Peninsula and on
  Corregidor

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• Battle ended 6 July 1942 with Japanese as victors
• Japanese then marched 10,000 U.S. prisoners to a
  prison camp in the interior, called the Bataan
  Death March
• 1,000 died along the way
• Many more died in the camp
• Brutal treatment
• By May 1942, Japanese had also taken Solomon
  Islands and most of New Guinea

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• However, between 3-4 June 1942, the Japanese
  offensive capacity was smashed 7 months after
  Pearl Harbor
• American planes destroyed 4 Japanese carriers
  that could not be replaced
• Japanese were now on the defensive

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Germany

• U.S. feared Hitler would get a foothold in
  Western Hemisphere because of friends in South
  America
• FDR joined in alliance with Winston Churchill and
  Joseph Stalin against the Nazis (Stalin was not
  trusted)
• Germany was fighting savagely in USSR and Stalin
  wanted a second front started to take pressure
  off USSR

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• So first, Britain and U.S. bombed Germany from
  the air day and night
• FDR sent supplies to Stalin
• Next, Britain and U.S. attacked German and
  Italian forces in North Africa
• Stalin still wanted a second front begun in
  Western Europe
• There was a stalemate in North Africa with
  British, American, and ANZAC forces against
  General Irwin Rommel (Desert Fox) with German and
  Italian forces

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• Germans and Italians threatened the Suez Canal
• British Commander Marshall Montgomery and his
  troops with supplies from U.S., defeated them in
  June
• November 1942, Montgomery and Eisenhower moved
  into French North Africa and fought Rommels
  Afrika Korps
• Stalemate
• Hitler recalled Rommel to Berlin
• Afrika Korps fell
• Allied victory

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USSR

• 1942, Stalin captured 250,000 German soldiers at
  Stalingrad
• War seemed to be turning against the Germans
• Stalin was still calling for another second front
• So it was now Italy
• U.S., British, ANZAC forces invaded Sicily in
  July 1942
• Conquered island in 6 weeks

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• Generals George Patton and Omar Bradley moved
  troops north into Italy and essentially knocked
  Italy out of the war
• Mussolini was ousted by Italian Field Marshall
  Pietro Badoglio who didnt like Italy as Hitlers
  pawn
• Hitler rescued Mussolini and established him in
  northern Italy

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Operation Overlord D-Day

• The second front Stalin wanted was finally going
  to happen
• Slated for 1944
• Was an attack against Hitlers forces in Europe
  by crossing the English Channel and entering from
  France
• Was the largest amphibious invasion in history
• Commanded by Dwight David Eisenhower, Ike

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• Eisenhower was an organizer, a natural diplomat,
  and was aided by Charles De Gaulle, leader of
  free French in England
• D-Day took place on 6 June 1944 with massive
  troop landings in Normandy in NW France
• 1 million men landed on the beaches
• Troops then marched to Paris and then on to
  Belgium

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Advance on Germany

• Eisenhower and Montgomery decided to advance on
  Germany slowly and on a broad front that extended
  from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland
• Germany was slowly being strangled
• Along the way they liberated concentration camps

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Battle of the Bulge December 1944

• German troops pushed American and British troops
  back into Belgium creating a bulge in the line
• Allied troops held until bad weather cleared and
  bombers could fly in
• 2 weeks later German defenses began to collapse

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Fall of Germany

• Hitler, fearing defeat and still blaming Jews for
  it, retreated to an underground bunker in Berlin
• 30 April 1945, Hitler committed suicide after
  marrying Eva Braun and naming Admiral Karl
  Doenitz as the new Fuhrer
• Germany surrendered 8 May 1945 V-E Day

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Final Battles with Japan

• FDR wanted Stalins help fighting the Japanese
• To get this help, FDR at Yalta in the Crimea in
  1944, promised USSR they could dominate Eastern
  Europe after the war
• FDR wasnt giving Stalin any territory he didnt
  already occupy
• Stalin agreed that Russian forces would attack
  the Japanese in China

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The Pacific

• U.S. had had 3 strategies after they took Midway
  in June 1942
• Supplies would go to USSR fighting Japanese in
  China
• U.S. would drive the Japanese out of the Solomon
  Islands to ensure the security of Australia and
  then on to New Guinea and the Philippines
• Islands would be captured from which planes could
  easily reach Japan and bomb it

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• 6 March 1945, a single raid on Tokyo killed
  85,000 people and destroyed 250,000 buildings
• Then troops began to island hop
• Japanese would not surrender
• A formidable weapon would be needed

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Manhattan Project

• Code name for the group who built the atomic bomb
• Albert Einstein, physicist, pacifist, refugee
  from Nazism, and Jewish was one of the group who
  built the bomb
• 2 billion was secretly allotted to the project
• It was under the direction of J. Robert
  Oppenheimer

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• Groups worked in different locations for safety
• Bomb was ready for testing in summer of 1945
• April 1945, after being reelected for a fourth
  term, FDR died of a stroke
• Harry Truman became President
• He had to decide whether or not to use the bomb

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• Truman only learned about the bomb when he became
  president
• Truman had to decide if there should be a massive
  invasion of Japan with great American casualties
  or use the bomb
• The bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August
  1945 killing 100,000 an additional 100,000 died
  of radiation later
• 8 August, bomb was dropped on Nagasaki killing
  more

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• Hirohito surrendered on 14 August 1945 against
  the advice of the Japanese high command
• Was the bomb necessary? Controversial to this
  day
• The war officially ended on the deck of the
  battleship Missouri on 2 September 1945