Exploration and Colonization

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Exploration and Colonization

• Motives, Means, Adventurers, Administration,
  Results

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Medieval T-O map
Psalter map, 13th century
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Johannes Schöner map, 1520
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Motives

• Desire for wealth (gold, silver, silks, spices,
  profits to avoid Ottoman/Arab middlemen)
• Missionary (Prince Henry, Jesuits)
• Glory (conquistadors)
• Curiosity

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Means

• Navigational Advances (compass, astrolabe,
  quadrant, dead reckoning, caravel/lateen sail,
  problem of longitude)
• Organization (requires.)
• Centralized States (Portugal, Spain, no Italy)
• Determination (Columbus, Magellan)
• Military Technology (cannons, steel, etc.)

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Explorers and Ruthless People

• Prince Henry the Navigator (Sagres)
• Columbus (4 voyages)
• Vasco de Gama (1000 profit)
• Magellan
• Cortez and Pizarro
• St. Francis Xavier (and de Las Casas)
• fate of Balboa, Hudson, Pizarro, Magellan, Cabot

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Control

• Spain--most centralized of all powers
• Council of Indies (Seville)
• Vice-Royalties and Captaincies-General
• Audiencias
• Encomienda (leads to exploitation/slavery)
• Catholic Church and missionaries
• de las Casas and reforms of 1542

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A Tectonic Shift in History

• Dietary Changes---Columbian Exchange
• Disease and Slavery (native pop. Disaster)
• National Rivalries Increase (latercommercial
  wars)
• New Views of the World
• European sense of superiority and also relativism

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