Exploration and Expansion

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Exploration and Expansion
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Essential Questions

• What factors contributed to the Europeans
  entrance into their age of discovery and
  expansion?
• What were the major differences between the
  overseas empires established by the Portuguese
  and Spanish?
• What were the general consequences of European
  expansion into Africa?

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Technology

• Compass (China)
• Astrolabe (Arabs)
• Cartography (Ptolemy Byzantine Arabs)
  latitude and longitude
• Triangle-shaped sails (Arabs)
• Gunpowder (China)
• Multiple masts

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Reasons for Expansion

• Trade with Asia
• Marco Polo
• Europeans desire eastern spices
• Trade cut off by Arab empires
• Renaissance Reformation
• Economic and political expansion
• Spains Three Gs
• Gold look for wealth
• Glory discover something new (conquistadors)
• God spread Christianity

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Portuguese

• Traveled down coast of Africa (Gold Coast) and
  over to India (spices)
• Prince Henry the Navigator 1419, established a
  school for sailors
• Bartholomew Diaz 1487, Cape of Good Hope (tip
  of Africa)
• Vasco da Gama 1498, around Africa to India
• Alfonso d Albuquerque 1510, set-up a land base
  in Goa, India to control spice trade (took away
  from Muslims), eventually set-up in China

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Spanish Exploration

• Well start with the two super-frauds!
• Columbus (1492)
• Convinced Queen Isabella to support his journey
• Landed on San Salvador, Hispaniola, and Cuba
• Called natives Indians
• Never realized he wasnt in Asia
• Amerigo Vespucci suggested Columbus found the
  New World (Amerigo America)
• Magellan
• 1519 Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain
• Sailed around South America (Straight of
  Magellan)
• Named and crossed the Pacific Ocean
• Killed in the Philippines
• Del Cano led ship that circumnavigated the world

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Magellans Route
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Dividing the New World

• Spain and Portugal each claimed
• Turned to pope for help
• 1493 Line of Demarcation was drawn
• 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas signed moving the
  line
• Brazil Portuguese
• Rest of South America Spanish

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Spanish Empire

• Columbian Exchange
• Europe Received corn, cocoa, potatoes, sweet
  potatoes, beans
• Americas Received disease, horses, cows, pigs,
  sugar
• Conquistadors
• Cortes took over Aztecs in Mexico
• Pizarro took over Incas in Peru
• Encomienda
• Indians became slaves controlled by Spanish
• Indians were converted to Catholicism

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European Rivals

• Dutch (Netherlands)
• Early 17th century set-up trade company in India
• Henry Hudson (1621) claimed New Amsterdam on
  the Hudson River
• French
• Looked for the Northwest Passage through America
• Da Verrazano, Cartier (Montreal), Champlain
  (Quebec)
• Jesuits sent and French traded with Indians for
  fur
• English
• John Cabot
• Francis Drake
• James Cook Sailed around the world
• Jamestown (1607)
• Plymouth (1621)

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Slave Trade

• Slavery not new to Africa
• Sent to Middle East for domestic work
• Sugarcane (Portuguese)
• Changed slavery for Europeans
• Plantations in Caribbean and Brazil
• Grew fast
• 16th century about 275,000
• 17th century over 1 million
• 18th century over 6 million
• African slave traders controlled slave trade
• Middle Passage route to the Americas
• Destroyed traditional African societies as demand
  for slaves increased

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Middle Passage
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Results of Expansion

• In Europe
• Economically successful (mercantilism)
• Created rivalries as countries fought over
  colonies
• In Asia
• Increased trade with Europe
• Beginning of Western dominance
• Japan becomes Isolated
• In Africa
• Dramatic increase of slave trade
• European influence in the coastal areas
• In the Americas
• Destroyed native population
• Began European dominance