Types of Government

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Types of Government
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Democracy Term Direct Democracy

• Direct Democracy first practiced in Athens.
• Native-born Free Men over 18 involved in
  decisions
• Thousands would gather in a forum and discuss
  issues.
• At the end of discussions a vote happened,
  majority ruled.

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DemocracyTerm Representative Democracy

• Decisions affecting the public are made by
  elected representatives.
• Elections are usually mandated every so many
  years.
• Allows many people to have their say without
  being present.

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Democracy Term Representative Democracy

• Two forms are the Constitutional Monarchy and the
  Republic.
• Constitutional Monarchy usually has a hereditary
  ceremonial head of state.
• Elected officials run the government according to
  the constitution.
• Britain, Canada, Netherlands

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DemocracyRepresentative Democracy

• In republics the people elect the head of state.
• The head of state and the head of government
  might be the same person as in the U.S.
• Or two separate groups. France has a head of
  state President and a head of government Prime
  Minister.

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Democracy Development3 stages

• Partial democracies have some elements of
  Democracy.
• Emerging Democracy are trying to become Full
  democracy.
• Full Democracy has a constitution that guarantees
  equality of rights and freedoms.

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Indicators of Full Democracy1

• Ensures majority rule while protecting minority
  rights.
• Agree to govern by the constitution or Charter.
• For example Language rights of French Canadians
  are guaranteed. U.S Civil Rights Act, Voters
  Rights Act.

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Indicators of Full Democracy2

• Full Democracies ensure the Rule of Law.
• This means that no one is above the Law and the
  law is applied equally.
• Applies to government officials as well.

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Indicators of Full Democracy3

• Ensures a choice of parties
• Recognizes free and fair elections and responds
  to wishes of electorate.
• Citizens may join or form their own parties or
  can join interest groups

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Indicators of Full Democracy4

• Independent Judiciary acts as a check to the
  power of government.
• Can test laws passed by the government and
  declare it unconstitutional.
• The Canadian Supreme Court practiced this when
  government made abortions illegal. (R.v.
  Morgentaler)
• 2003 Halpern v. Attourney General granted full
  marriage rights to all Canadians

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Indicators of Full Democracy5

• Government has full control over its military and
  police.
• U.S. President had to relieve General Macarthur
  of his duties in Korea for threatening China.
• Ipperwash 1995 Ontario Police officer shot and
  killed Dudley George during a peaceful protest
  and was found guilty of negligence.

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Indicators of Full Democracy6

• Full Democracies are open to change from its
  citizens.
• Divorce, Lesbian and Gay rights, abortion laws
  are all advancements made in the late 20th
  century.

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Indicators of Full Democracy7

• Full Democracies allow for freedom of information
  and freedom of the press, expression and
  religion.
• Laws for access to government documents.
• Freedom of the press to ask questions without
  fear of arrest.
• Freedom of expression allows.

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Limits to Full Democracy

• Money traditionally only rich and educated vote
  and be elected.

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Intro to Communism
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Marxs View on Capitalism

• Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as a way to
  organize society fairly.
• Marx saw that capitalism creates classes in
  society.
• Bourgeoisie are the owners
• Proletariat are the workers

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Marxs View on Capitalism

• Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, tools
  etc)
• They also get all the profits.
• They can reinvest the profits in the company or
  remove it and pay themselves.

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Marxs View on Capitalism

• Proletariat These are the workers and get paid
  a wage.
• They get no share in Company profits.
• At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.
• The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce the
  costs of production and pay as little as
  possible.

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Marxs View on Capitalism

• Workers are dependant on the owners for their
  basic needs.
• Wage Slavery
• People are only of value if they can be used in
  work.

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Marxs View on Capitalism

• As technology advances the need for people
  decreases.
• This leads to unemployment and needs not being
  met.
• People forced to accept lower wages and poor work
  conditions.

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Marxs View on Capitalism

• Companies will be in direct competition.
• Self defeating system.
• As companies get more profit they buy other
  companies and take them over.
• Share of wealth gets more concentrated in the
  hands of the few.

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• Eventually working class (proletariat) will
  revolt and overthrow the owners (bourgeoisie).
• A Dictatorship of the Proletariat would lead the
  government and redistribute wealth from the rich
  to the poor.

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DictatorshipsLeft
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Term Dictatorship

• Form of government in which one person or small
  group holds absolute power.
• Not held accountable to their citizens.
• Originated in Rome and was only to be used in
  Emergency situations for 6 months.
• In 44 BCE Caesar removed the 6 month limit and
  all limits to his power.

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• In 20th century left wing dictatorships arose in
  USSR, Peoples republic of China, Cuba, Vietnam,
  Cambodia.
• Right Wing dictatorships arose in Italy, Germany,
  Spain, Argentina and South Korea.

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Stalins USSR
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Secret Police and Labour Camps

• Stalin created and expanded his secret police
  force to search out anyone in opposition to his
  government.
• Guilty people were sentenced to death, exile or
  hard labour.
• Labour camps called Gulags were set up for
  prisoners.
• Millions of people were sent to do forced labour.

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Purges

• Stalin was always fearful of losing power.
• Used terror in the form of Purges to get rid of
  any opposition.
• This also helped with labour in mines

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Purges 1930-40

• Managers and workers that did not meet the five
  year plans or talked bad about them
• Kulaks that opposed collectivisation
• 1934 Opposition party members
• 1935 senior communists that may support Other
  leaders (Trotsky)

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Purges

• Ordinary citizens if someone suspected a
  neighbour of not supporting the government they
  could be arrested.
• Children were encouraged to tell on their
  parents.
• People tortured to confession
• 1 million people in Moscow killed

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Purges and Results

• 1937 the Red Army Most senior officers and
  officials were killed or sent to Gulags.
• Left the army unprepared against Hitlers
  invasion.
• Executed 1 million
• Died in Camps 2 million
• In prison 1 million
• Gulags 8 million
• These are figures form one year.

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Results Continued

• Most of the advantages of Communism was
  nullified after this.
• Expert scientists, administrators and Engineers
  were usually sent to Gulags or killed.
• People would tell on each other for self
  interest.
• Stalin even killed members of his own family.

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Peoples Republic of China

• 1927 after the Manchu Dynasty collapsed China
  fell into a civil war.
• U.S supported Kuomintang party fought against the
  Chinese Communist party led by Mao Zedong.
• Conflict paused during WW2 as China is invaded
  by Japan.

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• After the war the conflict resumes.
• Communist seize control
• Kuomintang goes to Taiwan while claiming to still
  rule China.
• US supports this claim and refused to acknowledge
  Mao.

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Maoism

• Mao redistributed land to all the poor peasants.
• All agricultural and industrial production was
  nationalised, owned by the country.
• Started the Great Leap Forward Program which
  merged all land and families into Communes.

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• When Production failed and people began to starve
  Mao encouraged his citizens to let a hundred
  flowers (ideas) bloom and come up with
  solutions.
• The flowers turned out to be forcing Mao to step
  down.
• Mao jailed executed and banished these people to
  labour camps.

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• Mao became a cult like figure. Sent a Red Book
  of his famous quotes to millions in Society
  including schools.
• Mao recruited millions of students and formed the
  Red Guard.
• They would look for opposition and kill, beat or
  imprison them.

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• Politics is war without bloodshed, while war is
  politics with bloodshed
• Mao dies in 1976
• Deng Xiaoping becomes leader.
• Focuses on modernizing economy allows market
  economy along side communism.

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Term DengOne Family, One Child Policy

• Freedoms still limited under Deng.
• Families could only have one child to limit
  population and number of people to feed.
• If you obeyed you got better housing and
  salaries, defiance meant you loss your job.
• Females did not get paid a wage for work.
• Led to infanticide of female babies since they
  were liabilities. (made no money)

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Deng

• Political dissent was tolerated until 1989 when
  the government crushed a student uprising wanting
  democracy.
• Led to the killing of hundreds at Tiananmen
  Square.
• This eventually led to free elections however the
  communist party still holds the majority of
  seats.

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Limits to Freedoms

• No school, factory, mayor can make a decision
  without party permission
• No freedom of the Press.
• Internet is limited to mostly Chinese sites.
• Search engines (google) limit sites available to
  people.

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Cambodia Left Dictatorship
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Pol Pot

• People revolt against U.S installed government.
• They sympathize with the Communist party and
  install the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot.
• To implement communism he began persecuting any
  opposition and taking all private possessions.

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Pol Pot
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• Many groups threatened to take power from Pol Pot
  which led to brutal atrocities.
• Creates enemies of his state which are executed,
  or worked and starved to death in forced labour
  camps.

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Classification of Enemies

• Anyone with connections to former governments.
• Professionals and intellectuals
• Anyone with glasses since it might mean they
  could read and therefore educated.
• Other ethnicities
• Economic saboteurs who were not working hard
  enough.

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Rural Utopia

• Pol Pot forced all residents out of cities as he
  believed this is how revolts are organized.
• Wanted everyone in rural areas to be farmers and
  peasants.
• It would get rid of all classes in society.

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Results of Pol Pot

• In four years 2 million people killed by the
  Khmer Rouge.
• Used a school in the capital Phnom Phen to house
  1500 people at a time and eventually executing
  them.

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End of Pol Pot

• Pol Pot regime collapsed after Vietnam invaded in
  1979,
• US helped Pol Pot fight the Vietnamese.
• 1989 Vietnam withdraws from Cambodia and the
  United Nations installed a government free of
  Khmer Rouge influence.
• 1998 Pol Pot dies.

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Oligarchy
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Term Oligarchy

• Plato stated that rule by the few could be
  achieved through two systems.
• Aristocracy and Oligarchy
• In Aristocracy the few rule for the common good
  of all.
• In Oligarchy power is used by a wealthy minority
  to oppress a majority of the population.

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South African Apartheid

• South Africa is rich in resources including
  diamonds and gold.
• Throughout history the Dutch and British
  oppressed the native populations and forced them
  in to slave labour in mines.
• This led to a group of white Dutch settlers
  called Afrikaners in South Africa and made up 15
  of population.

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Apartheid Legislation
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Elections

• 1948 the Afrikaner Party wins the general
  election.
• Ran on creating a policy of Apartheid meaning
  separateness of the races.
• They began passing legislation designed to create
  separation and keep the power and privilege of
  the Afrikaners.

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Legislation

• 1940 Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act made
  it illegal for people of different races to
  marry.
• 1950 Population Registration act forced people to
  be identified into 4 racial groups. Black,
  White, Coloured, Indian.

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Legislation

• Group Areas Act Forced Blacks to vacate land in
  urban areas and move into much smaller townships.
• Forced Blacks to commute long distances to work.
• Required non whites to carry a passbook.

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Legislation

• Bantu Authorities Act Forced all Blacks to live
  in designated homeland reserve areas or
  Bantustans.
• Bantu Education Act forbid Blacks from
  attending the White schools.

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Legislation

• Separate Amenities Act Segregated all public
  amenities. Areas like public beaches,
  playgrounds were reserved for Whites.

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Legislation

• Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act took away
  citizenship and rights away from Blacks.
• Were no longer South African as the Bantustans
  were now considered separate countries.

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Legislation

• Terrorism Act anyone suspected of being
  involved in Terrorism could be detained without
  trial.

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Banning

• Banning was a common practice for those that
  broke the law.
• You were restricted to live in a certain area,
  check in with police.
• Could not associate with more than one person.
• Could not have anything published.

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Term Sharpeville Massacre

• During a protest march in Sharpeville police open
  fire and kill 69 Blacks.

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Soweto Uprisings

• 20000 Black students took to the streets to
  protest a new law requiring all schools to only
  teach in Afrikaner language.
• Government forces kill 700 children and wound
  4000.
• World sees the pictures and begin to condemn the
  regime.

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Steve Biko Black is Beautiful
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Term Biko

• Steve Biko founded the Black Consciousness
  movement.
• Its purpose was to empower Black people to think
  they were equal to Whites.
• Started up education centres and inspired many
  young people.
• He was banned by the government and killed after
  suffering brain damage after an interrogation.

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Term Nelson Mandela
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• Born 1918 of an advisor to the Chief of the Tembu
  Tribe in South Africa.
• 1941, Attended university in Johannesburg law
  degree.
• Set up South Africas first black legal practice

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• Joined the ANC to fight discrimination in 1944.
• Violent organization.
• Joined the ANC to fight discrimination in 1944.
• Early 1960s he led attacks on military and
  government targets arrested and received 5
  years in prison

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• 1964 Second trial found guilty of treason and
  sentenced to life in prison.
• Never gave up the fight while in jail
• Free Nelson Mandela became the rally cry for
  the anti apartheid struggle

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• 1982 United Nations demanded Mandelas freedom.
• Imposed economic and cultural sanctions which
  forced countries to not trade with South Africa.
  (U.S. and Britain ignored it)

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• 1990 Released from prison (72 years old) in
  jail for 27 years.
• 1994 Apartheid ended, Mandela elected first
  black president of South Africa