People

1
Peoples Republic of China

• The Middle Kingdom

2
Todays Task

• In groups of 3-4 create "critical junctures" of
  Chinese History - 5-7 of the most vital moments
  in Chinese Modern History 1900-2014.
• PPt's should include basic info, justification as
  to its importance AND visual. Due at the start
  of class on Tuesday.

3
Sovereignty, Authority, and Power

• Legitimacy
• Dynastic Rule (ancient history 1911)
• Power passed through hereditary connections
• Mandate of Heaven collective ancestral wisdom
  guiding the empire from the heavens
• When a family dynasty was perceived as weak, a
  rival family would challenge, claiming the
  emperor had lost the mandate

4
Sovereignty, Authority, and Power

• Legitimacy
• Revolution of 1911 and Chinese Republic
• Dynastic cycles toppled due to European intrusion
• Supposed to be democratic, but government was
  regularly challenged by regional warlords
• Mao and the Peoples Republic (1949-1976)
• Mao Zedong and ideology of egalitarian Marxism
• Mao himself served as the unifying source of
  legitimacy
• Maoism insisted on mass line leaders must
  listen to and stay connected to peasants

5
Sovereignty, Authority, and Power

• Legitimacy
• Modern China (1976-Present)
• Legitimacy centers in the Politburo of the CCP
• Central Military Commission within the CCP
  controls the military (another important source
  of legitimacy)

6
Sovereignty, Authority, and Power

• Historical Traditions
• Authoritarian Power has always been ruled by a
  single emperor or a small group
• Confucianism emphasizes the importance of order
  and harmony, encourages Chinese people to submit
  to and obey authority
• Also places responsibility on rulers to exercise
  power conscientiously (democratic centralism?)
• Contradicts egalitarian Marxism

7
Sovereignty, Authority, and Power

• Historical Traditions
• Bureaucratic hierarchy based on scholarship
  ruling elite are organized and selected based on
  academic exams
• Government jobs have always been highly coveted
• Created social separation between peasants and
  bureaucratic elite
• The Middle Kingdom belief that China is the
  center of civilization, and foreigners are
  perceived as inferiors with nothing to offer

8
Sovereignty, Authority, and Power

• Historical Traditions
• Communist ideologies Maoism integrated ethics
  of Confucianism with egalitarianism, later
  revised by Deng Xiaoping to allow for
  privatization

9
Political Culture

• Geography
• Access to oceans and warm water ports
• Many large navigable rivers
• Major geographic divides between north and south
• Geographic isolation of the western part
• Separated from other countries by mountain
  ranges, deserts, and oceans

10
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11
Political Culture

• Historical Eras
• Dynastic Rule (Confucianism, ethnocentrism)
• Resistance to Imperialism 19th Century
  (nationalism)
• foreign devils Europeans and Japanese who
  attempted to exploit Chinas natural resources
• Evidence of caution and suspicion of capitalist
  countries remains

12
Political Culture

• Historical Eras
• Maoism (linked to Marxism/Leninism, but
  distinctly Chinese)
• Collectivism good of the community above the
  individual
• Struggle and activism
• Mass Line line of communication between CCP and
  people of teaching and listening. CCP would
  communicate their will to people and people would
  communicate their wisdom to leaders.
• Egalitarianism
• Self-Reliance dont rely on elites, use your
  own talents to contribute to your community

13
Mao Zedong Chairman of the CCP 1943-1976 Chairman
of the Central Military Commission 1954-1976
14
Political Culture

• Historical Eras
• Deng Xiaoping Theory
• Black cat, white cat, who cares as long as it
  catches mice?
• Communist and capitalist ideologies were not
  important
• What matters is improving the economy
• Still emphasizes party supervision and control of
  all activity in the country

15
Deng Xiaoping Chairman of the Central Military
Commission 1981-1989
16
Political Culture

• Importance of Informal Relationships
• Power and respect is not necessarily tied to
  official position in the party, but who has
  connections to whom
• Early connections established during the Long
  March built later ruling cliques
• Patron-client system exists amongst competing
  party factions
• Policy changes can be predicted with knowledge of
  relationships to past leaders

17
Political and Economic Change

• Long history of stability until 20th century
• Differs from Russia in having a much longer
  history of regional hegemony
• Dynastic cycles dictated change until Mongols
  conquer China in 13th century
• Mandate of heaven recaptured by Ming dynasty
• Last dynasty was Qing (pure) from 17th century
  until it was toppled by European pressure in 20th

18
Political and Economic Change

• Control by Imperialistic Nations
• Qing dynasty weakened and China was carved into
  spheres of influence by England, Germany,
  France, and Japan (foreign devils)
• Revolutionary Upheaval (1911-1949)
• Nationalism Sun Yat-sen leads a nationalist
  revolution reestablishing independent China in
  1911
• Establishment of a new political community
• Chiang Kai-shek founds the Nationalist Party
  (Kuomintang or KMT)
• Mao Zedong founds the CCP
• Socioeconomic Development modeled after
  Soviets, then Chiang becomes president and breaks
  with them, outlawing the CCP

19
Chiang Kai-Shek Chairman of the Nationalist
Government of China, 1928-1931,
1943-1948 Director General of Kuomintang,
1938-1975
20
Political and Economic Change

• The Long March (1934-1936)
• Chiangs Nationalist army pursued Maos army
  across China to depose and exile communists
• Mao eluded him and used the time traveling to
  spread his message to Chinese peasants
• Mao becomes a national hero, people involved in
  the Long March become prominent in government of
  the Peoples Republic

21
Political and Economic Change

• Founding of the Peoples Republic of China
  (1949-1966)
• Occupied by Japan until end of WWII
• Civil War between Kuomintang and CCP
• Chiang flees to Taiwan, Mao establishes Peoples
  Republic on mainland, both claim to be the true
  government of China (Two Chinas)

22
Political and Economic Change

• Founding of the Peoples Republic of China
  (1949-1966)
• Soviet model of political/economic development
  (1949-1957)
• Land reform redistribution of property
• Civil reform attempted to end opium addiction
  and expand womens rights (like the right to
  leave an unhappy arranged marriage)
• Five-Year Plans nationalization of industry and
  collectivization of agriculture

23
Political and Economic Change

• Founding of the Peoples Republic of China
  (1949-1966)
• Great Leap Forward (1958-1966)
• Attempt to end Soviet domination of China
• All-around development of agriculture and
  industry
• Mass mobilization turn the Chinese population
  into an asset through motivation and harder work
• Political unanimity and zeal party workers
  began running government, not bureaucrats
• Cadres low level party workers expected to
  demonstrate Party devotion by motivating hard
  work
• Decentralization more local, less central
  control

24
Political and Economic Change

• The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
• From 1960-1966, Mao allowed Liu Shaoqi and Deng
  Xiaoping to institute market reforms
• Dissatisfied with results, decided to radically
  transform China and remove all vestiges of
  hierarchy and inequality
• Principles
• Ethic of struggle
• Mass line
• Collectivism
• Egalitarianism
• Unstinting service to society
• Destroyed universities and libraries, scholars
  were sent to the fields to work and learn from
  peasants
• Elementary education designed to create equality
  and loyalty to Mao

25
Signs from the Cultural Revolution

• Destroy the Old World, Build a New World

26
Signs from the Cultural Revolution

• Let new socialistic culture conquer every stage
• Features Jiang Qing, who led the Cultural
  Revolution Group of the Politburo

27
Signs from the Cultural Revolution

• We will crash the dog heads of those who oppose
  Chairman Mao!

28
Political and Economic Change

• Death of Mao (1976)
• Followers in CCP divided into 3 factions
• Radicals led by Maos wife Jiang Qing,
  continued supporting goals of Cultural Revolution
• Gang of Four group of radicals who controlled
  CCP policy toward the end of Maos life
• Military had been led by Lin Biao, Maos
  designated successor, but he died in a mysterious
  plane crash in 1971
• Rumors of an attempted coup around same time
• Moderates led by Zhou Enlai, emphasized
  economic modernization and limited contact with
  the West
• Factions were built on ideology and personal
  connection (guanxi)

29

• Jiang Qing
• First Lady of the PRC, 1939-1976
• Leader of the Radical faction of the CCP

30

• Lin Biao
• Vice-Premier of the PRC, 1965-1971

31

• Zhou Enlai
• Premier of the PRC, 1949-1976
• Leader of the moderate faction of the CCP

32
Political and Economic Change

• Deng Xiaopings Four Modernizations (1978-1997)
• CCP leader Hua Guofeng arrests the Gang of Four
  radicals, opening the door for moderates to take
  control
• Deng takes power in 1978 (without official title
  of Chairman of CCP), modernizing
• Industry
• Agriculture
• Science
• The Military

33
Political and Economic Change

• Deng Xiaopings Four Modernizations (1978-1997)
• Open Door trade policy trade with everyone,
  including capitalist U.S. if it will benefit
  Chinese economy
• Expansion of higher education, raised academic
  standards
• Institutionalization of the Revolution
  reconciled revolutionary goals with legal system
  and bureaucracy of Old China, decentralized
  government

34
Summary of Four Generations of Chinese
Leadership

• 1st Generation Mao Zedong (1949 - 1976)
• 2nd Generation Deng Xiaoping (1978 1997)
• 3rd Generation Jiang Zemin (1997-2005)
• 4th Generation Hu Jintao (2005 2012)
• 5th Generation Xi Jinping (2012-Present)

35

• Jiang Zemin
• President of the PRC, 1993-2003
• General Secretary of the CCP, 1989-2002
• Chairman of the Central Military Commission,
  1990-2004

36

• Hu Jintao
• President of the PRC, 2003-2013
• General Secretary of the CCP, 20022012
• Chairman of the Central Military Commission,
  2004-2012
• Orderly, struggle free succession indicated
  stability in CCP practices

37
Xi Jinping

• President of the PRC, 2013-Present
• General Secretary of the CCP, 2012- Present
• Chairman of the Central Military Commission, 2012
  - Present
• 5th Generation of leadership
• Promotes the Chinese Dream
• Calls for economic reforms and a strong military.
• Ranked 9th in the top 10 most powerful men in the
  world (as of 2012) Forbes

38
Citizens, Society, and the State

• Cleavages
• Ethnicity
• Population is over 90 Han Chinese
• Minorities live primarily in autonomous areas
  (like Tibet and Xinjiang)
• These areas are 60 of Chinese territory
• Long history of resistance to Chinese government
• Tibetans government never recognized Chinese
  government authority after conquest
• Uighurs Muslim separatists in Xingjiang near
  Afghanistan
• Government usually encourages economic
  development, while suppressing expression of
  dissent

39
Han Chinese
Tibetan
Uighur
40
Citizens, Society, and the State

• Cleavages
• Urban vs. Rural
• Redefinition of Two Chinas differences in
  economic prosperity and lifestyle
• Declaration of Prime Minister Wen Jiabao of a
  new socialist countryside program to lift
  rural economy

41
Citizens, Society, and the State

• Political Participation
• The Chinese Communist Party
• Largest Party in the world, 58 million members
  (8 of people over 18)
• CCP Youth League has 70 million members
• Cadres of Mao have been replaced by technocrats
  under Dengs reforms
• Technocrat people with appropriate technical
  skills and training to work in bureaucracy
• Jiang opened party membership to capitalists to
  better represent all of China (2001)
• Party is not ideological, but an instrument
  through which people can advance their personal
  situation

42
Citizens, Society, and the State

• Political Participation
• Civil Society
• Control of party has loosened with new technology
  (cell phones, internet, satellite dishes, etc.)
• Many new associational groups dedicated to
  individual issues springing up
• Ex. Environmental groups protesting dam
  construction
• Wont win, but still demonstrate ability to
  organize without government
• Beijing allowed NGOs to register with government
  in 1990s
• Still closely watched by government (especially
  religious and human rights movements)
• Ex. Falun Gong, banned in China

43
Citizens, Society, and the State

• Political Participation
• Protests
• Allowed to an extent, but met with severe
  crackdown if the partys authority is called into
  question
• Tiananmen Square (1989)
• Protest by students for democratic reform,
  eventually attracted many other civil society
  groups
• Spread to many other areas of China than Beijing
• Deng ordered Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) expel
  the protesters from the Square, resulting in
  massacre

44
Political Institutions

• CCP Organization
• Hierarchical
• National
• Province
• County
• Village/Township
• Power concentrated at top in Politburo and
  General Secretary

45
Political Institutions

• Judiciary
• Peoples Court
• Supreme Peoples Court
• Provincial Courts
• Intermediate (City)
• Grassroots (country-township)
• Recently changed new civil and criminal codes
• Civil loss of property, consumer fraud against
  businesses, local officials and govt agencies
• Criminal 98-99 conviction rate
• 2004 led world with executions (3,500) Iran
  (159) Vietnam (64) and US (59)

46
General Secretary
Politburo Standing Committee 7 members
Politburo 24 members
Central Committee -340 members -Meet once a year

• National Party Congress
• More than 2000 members
• Chosen from lower level
• Congresses
• -Meets once every 5 years

47
Political Institutions

• Other political parties
• Eight democratic parties are allowed to exist
• Each based on a special group, like
  intellectuals, businessmen, etc.
• Total membership of half a million people
• Serve an advisory role to CCP, non-oppositional
• Other attempts at independent party formation
  result in harsh prison sentences
• Elections (yes, elections)
• CCP runs elections to help legitimacy
• Party reviews candidate list to eliminate
  objectionable ones
• Only held at local level of government, deputies
  for county Peoples Congresses, town and village
  officials (since 1980s)

48
Political Institutions

• The Political Elite
• Personal connection, guanxi, holds politics
  together
• Elite recruitment occurs through nomenklatura
  higher party leaders choose leaders at lower
  levels to move up
• Patron-client network throughout government

49
Political Institutions

• Factions within CCP
• Conservatives believe power of government has
  eroded too much, support crackdowns on
  independent thinkers
• Reformers/Open Door support capitalist
  infusion, pushing for WTO membership and
  expansion of trade with U.S.
• Jiang, Hu, and Wen all come from this faction
• Liberals support political liberalization, out
  of power since Tiananmen in 1989
• Premier Zhao Ziyang ousted for sympathizing with
  protesters
• Fang-shou cyclical tendency of factions to grow
  and fade in power, similar to dynastic cycles