19TH CENTURY NATIONALISM

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19TH CENTURY NATIONALISM

• THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 AND BEYOND

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GREECE

• THE WAR FOR GREEK LIBERATION Why was the
  liberation of Greece from Ottoman control a facet
  of the romantic movement?

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GREECE

• A BRIEF RE-CAP Greece had been part of the
  Byzantine Empire. It suffered invasions by Goths,
  Huns, Slavs from the 5th to the 7th centuries.
  Urban life was and Greek civilization was
  essentially brought to an end. In the late 11th
  century Greece was invaded by Normans from
  Sicily.

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GREECE

• During the Crusades, western princes occupied all
  of Greece (except for the rugged interior), and
  divided it into states ruled either by themselves
  or under the control of the commercial republics
  of Venice and Genoa. This domination continued
  until the Ottoman Turkish invasion and conquest
  in 1456. Greece remained part of the Ottoman
  Empire for nearly 400 years.

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GREECE

• 1821 Revolt began under the leadership of
  Alexander Ypsilanti. The Concert of Europe
  officially backed the Ottoman Empire, but, in
  1827 Britain, France, and Russia entered the war
  Greece achieved independence in 1830 and was
  presented (1833) by these powers with a king from
  Bavaria, Otto.

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GREECE
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ITALY

• RISORGIMENTO ''Resurgence'' dream of a unified
  nation that would exceed the glory of ancient
  Rome and the Renaissance.

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ITALY

• A. 1820 Revolts break out in protest against
  foreign control. These were quickly put down by
  Austrian forces.
• B. Young Italy organization formed by Mazzini in
  1826 for the unification of Italy.

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SPAIN

• In 1820 Spanish army officers revolted against
  the King, Ferdinand VII who was a harsh ruler.
  They forced him to restore an earlier, more
  liberal constitution. The Great Powers sent in a
  French army in 1823. The revolution leaders were
  punished and Ferdinand was restored to power.

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VIVA LA FRANCE

• A. Louis XVIII (1815-1824) The restoration
  Bourbon monarch instituted the Constitutional
  Charter of 1814 which protected the people
  against a return to royal absolutism and
  aristocratic privilege. During his reign, the
  Royalist party, led by the king's brother
  Charles, Count of Artois, worked to restore
  absolutism. When Louis XVIII died in 1824, his
  brother succeeded as Charles X and tried to
  re-establish the old order and repudiated the
  Constitutional Charter in 1830.

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VIVA LA FRANCE

• B. Bye-Bye Charles X Charles abolished freedom
  of the press, deprived the middle class of the
  right to vote, reduced the power of the
  legislature. An immediate insurrection removed
  Charles X, the last Bourbon king, from the
  throne. The Revolution of 1830 in France is also
  called the July Revolution.

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VIVA LA FRANCE

• C. Hello, Louis Philippe (1830-1848) This
  successor and cousin to Charles X had fought with
  the revolutionaries in 1792. He was nicknamed the
  ''Citizen-King'' because of his manner and dress
  and to distinguish him from the absolutist
  Charles X.

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VIVA LA FRANCE

• He accepted the Constitutional Charter,
  recognizing the rights of a free press and
  endorsing the extension of the suffrage to the
  upper middle class. However, he worked to protect
  the rich upper middle class as represented by the
  Chamber of Deputies by upholding a high tariff
  and not allowing labor unions. The lower classes
  had no part in the government.

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BELGIUM

• Joined with Holland by the Vienna Settlements,
  the Belgians resisted the centralizing efforts of
  the Dutch government. Disturbances broke out in
  Belgium, August, 1830. The leaders asked for
  Belgian self- government. Faced with Dutch
  troops, the Belgians declared their independence,
  formed a national assembly wrote a constitution.

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BELGIUM

• 1831, the National Assembly elected the son of
  Louis Philippe to be king but dad told him to say
  no. Then the Assembly elected Leopold of
  Saxe-Coburg, who was the uncle of the young
  Victoria. The English stepped in to negotiate a
  settlement and in the Treaty of 1831, Belgium was
  set up as a permanently neutral state.

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NOT IN GREAT BRITAIN

• Political, economic and social problems abounded
  in England in the first quarter of the 19th
  century. In the cities working and living
  conditions were poor. Employment was uncertain
  and wages were low for long hours of work.
  Politically, only wealthy property owners could
  vote Catholics and non-Anglicans could not hold
  public office, elections were expensive and often
  corrupt. Rotten boroughs and pocket boroughs made
  a mockery of representative government.

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TORY PARTY

• Controlled by the aristocracy, this party feared
  liberalism and worked to repress it.
• 1. Corn Laws (1815) passed by Parliament to
  protect English landowners by prohibiting the
  importation of foreign grain unless the domestic
  price rose above a certain level. Protests by
  urban workers were supported by radical
  intellectuals. The 1819 Peterloo Massacre (11
  died) and similar disturbances aroused Parliament
  to repressive action

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TORY PARTY

• 2. Six Acts (1819) Parliament's response to the
  protest of the Corn Laws, these laws eliminated
  all mass meetings.
• 3. Shaken up by the French Revolution of 1830 and
  the subsequent riots and demonstrations within
  England Tories became more amenable to reform.

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REFORM BILL OF 1832

• Introduced by the Whigs. Supported by British
  liberals who wanted to end the inequalities of
  industrialization by redistributing political
  power. (rural areas had representation, new
  industrial cities did not). Agitation by the
  growing middle class led to the passage of this
  law which expanded the suffrage to most middle
  class males.

Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
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REFORM BILL OF 1832

• 1. The House of Commons emerged as the major
  Legislative body.
• 2. The new industrial areas of the country gained
  representation in the House of Commons.
• 3. Many ''rotten boroughs'' were eliminated.

William Pitt the Younger
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FACTORY ACT OF 1833

• Forbade the employment in textile mills of
  children under nine and restricted the labor of
  those 7-13 to 48 hours per week.

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THE CHARTIST MOVEMENT

• The People's Charter, drawn up in 1838, demanded
  universal male suffrage, a secret ballot, annual
  elections, voting districts with equal
  population abolition of property qualification
  for membership in Parliament payment of stipends
  to those elected to the House of Commons.

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THE CHARTIST MOVEMENT

• The Chartists presented their charter in 1839,
  1842, and 1848. It was rejected each time by
  Parliament. But the Anti-Corn law League
  succeeded in getting the Corn Laws repealed in
  1846 and free trade established.

William Lovett
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Bi-partisan Reform

• Both the Tories and the Whigs supported reform
  legislation by 1846.
• 1. Ten Hours Act (1847) limited the workday for
  women and young people in factories to ten hours.

John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
Robert Peel
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IRELAND

• Reform efforts did not extend to Ireland, where
  potato crops failed in 1846, 1848, and 1851,
  causing the Great Famine. With the support of the
  English government, the landowners evicted their
  tenants who could not pay their rents.

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LESSONS FROM IRELAND

• Britain honed imperialism skills in Ireland
• Control land and resources natives have no
  access to resources, must pay for lands bounty
• Divide and conquer introduce an enemy to the
  native population (often by redrawing traditional
  boundaries). Conquering country becomes
  necessary to maintain peace
• Deny educational opportunities
• Deny use of culture
• Natives may not speak own language, practice
  native religion

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McMahon
MacMathghamha
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PRUSSIA

• A. Post-Congress of Vienna liberal and
  nationalist movements circumscribed by the 1819
  Carlsbad Decrees (members of the German
  Confederation were required to root out
  subversive ideas in their universities and
  newspapers a permanent committee of spies was
  established to investigate and punish any liberal
  or radical organizations.)

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PRUSSIA

• B. Middle Class Aspirations wish to create a
  unified liberal Germany.

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PRUSSIA

• C. Working Class Aspirations inspired by events
  in France they demanded and received a liberal
  constitution. However, their demands for suffrage
  and socialist reforms incited fear among the
  aristocracy

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RUSSIA

• A. Alexander I (1801-1825) son of Paul I whose
  mental instability precipitated a palace coup in
  1801.
• 1. Reform Alexander spent the first years of his
  reign trying to reform the administration and
  expanding educational facilities. The government
  was bureaucratized and officials were better
  trained.

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RUSSIA

• 2. Napoleonic Wars The wars were costly for
  Russia, but she did gain Finland and some lands
  in the Caucasus. In addition, the scorched earth
  policies employed necessitated economic
  investment in rebuilding and encouraged
  entrepreneurial initiatives by peasants and urban
  commoners. There was a rapid expansion of textile
  manufactures and the building trades, generating
  capital and resources for later Russian
  industrialization.

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RUSSIA
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RUSSIA

• 3. Unrest Members of the educated elite, seeking
  more liberalism for Russian society clashed with
  Alexander's government which became more
  restrictive as dissidents pressed for reform.
  Secret societies were organized under the
  leadership of progressive officers, and, on the
  sudden death of Alexander I late in 1825, they
  tried to take over the government. This
  Decembrist Revolt traumatized Alexander's
  successor, his brother Nicholas I, into a policy
  of reaction and repression.

Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia
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RUSSIA

• B. Nicholas I (1825-1855)
• 1. Strict censorship did not prevent this period
  from becoming the Golden Age of Russian
  literature featuring the works of Alexander
  Pushkin, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Leo Tolstoy. The
  literary flowering encouraged widespread
  discussion of Russia's identity, future, and
  relationship to western Europe.

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RUSSIA

• 2. Technical and professional training was
  supported by Nicholas. By the end of his reign
  Russia was home to a number of well- trained
  professionals.
• 3. Codification of the Laws 1833
• 4. Economic Achievements The building of
  railroads was initiated, the currency was
  stabilized, and protective tariffs were
  introduced. As private enterprise grew the
  backward nature of Russia's agrarian economy
  based on serf-labor became more evident.

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RUSSIA

• 5. Foreign Involvement Russia helped to secure
  Greek independence and limited Turkish power in
  the Black Sea. Nicholas crushed the Polish
  insurrection of 1831-33 and helped Austria subdue
  the Hungarians in 1849. At the end of his reign
  Nicholas embroiled Russia in the Crimean War
  (1853-56).