EOC REVIEW COLONIAL / REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

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Becky Griffith
EOC REVIEW COLONIAL / REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
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13 Colonies

• New England Colonies
• Middle Colonies
• Southern Colonies

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New England Colonies
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Pilgrims / Massachusetts

• The Pilgrims (Puritans) set sail for America on
  the Mayflower in 1620 and settled in Plymouth,
  near Massachusetts Bay.
• Mayflower Compact was first form of direct
  democracy.

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Massachusetts

• William Bradford led the Pilgrims.
• A Native American named Squanto helped the
  Pilgrims.
• Massachusetts became a Royal Colony in 1691.

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Maine

• Sir Fernando Gorges started the colony named
  Maine around 1625.

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New Hampshire

• Captain John Mason started the colony named New
  Hampshire in 1623.

Sir Ferdinando Gorges and CaptainJohn Mason
study their 1622 grant.
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Rhode Island

• Roger Williams founded the town of Providence and
  Rhode Island in 1636.

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Connecticut

• Thomas Hooker and his followers left
  Massachusetts and founded the town of Hartford,
  in the Connecticut River valley about 1635.
• They adopted a constitution known as the
  Fundamental Orders of Connecticutthe first
  written constitution of the American colonies.

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New England Cash Crops / Products

• Fishing
• Whaling
• Lumber
• Animal Furs
• Ship Building

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Middle Colonies
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Delaware

• Delaware was founded in 1638 by Peter Minuit and
  the New Sweden Company.

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New Jersey

• James granted a large portion of the land to two
  of King Charles IIs closest advisers, Lord
  Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, who renamed the
  colony New Jersey in 1664.
• New Jersey became a Royal Colony in 1702.

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Pennsylvania

• William Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania
  in 1682.
• The colony granted religious and political
  freedom to everyone.

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New Netherland / New Amsterdam

• Dutch merchants hired an English navigator named
  Henry Hudson to find a route through North
  America to the Pacific.
• The merchants claimed the region for the Dutch,
  calling it New Netherland.
• The Dutch established New Amsterdam, their major
  settlement, on Manhattan Island.

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New York

• James, the Duke of York, seized New Netherland
  from the Dutch and renamed the land New York in
  1664.
• New York became a Royal Colony in 1685.

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Middle Colonies Cash Crops / Products

• Wheat
• Rye
• Oats
• Barley
• Potatoes
• Flour
• Rum
• Cattle

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Southern Colonies
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Virginia / Jamestown

• In 1606 the king of England granted the Virginia
  Company a charter to establish colonies in
  Virginia.
• 144 men sent to Virginia founded the settlement
  of Jamestown.
• The leadership of Captain John Smith and
  assistance from the Powhatan Confederacy, the
  local Native Americans, helped the colony survive.

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Virginia / Jamestown

• Jamestown elected representatives called
  burgesses, and their legislative body was called
  the House of Burgesses.
• Virginia was founded 1607, but became a Royal
  Colony in 1624.

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Maryland

• Lord Baltimore, a Catholic member of Parliament,
  founded Maryland in 1634, so Catholics could
  practice their religion without persecution.
• Baltimore owned Maryland, making it the first
  proprietary colony.

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North and South Carolina

• King Charles II granted land south of Virginia to
  his friends and political allies.
• The land, known as Carolina, developed as two
  separate regions.

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North Carolina

• North Carolina was founded in 1653 by the
  Virginians.
• North Carolina became a Royal Colony in 1729.

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South Carolina

• In 1663, a small group of Nobles obtained a Royal
  Charter from King Charles II and founded South
  Carolina.
• South Carolina became a Royal Colony in 1729.

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Georgia

• James Oglethorpe started the colony of Georgia in
  1732.
• He established the colony as a place for English
  debtors to start over rather than to be
  imprisoned for their debts.
• Georgia became a Royal Colony in 1752.

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Southern Colonies Cash Crops / Products

• Tobacco
• Sugar Cane
• Indigo
• Tar, Pitch, Turpentine
• Deer Skins
• Rice

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King Phillips War

• King Phillips War
• The trial and execution of three Wampanoag led to
  attacks by the Native Americans against the
  colonists.

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Anne Hutchinson

• Anne Hutchinson was declared a heretic and
  banished from Massachusetts for her challenge of
  Puritan practices.

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Bacons Rebellion

• The refusal of Governor Berkeley to use military
  action against the Native Americans led to
  Bacons Rebellion.
• Backcountry farmers wanted government support
  against the Native Americans, whose land they
  wanted.
• Bacon and a group of backcountry settlers
  organized their own militia to fight the Native
  Americans.
• Later, Bacon seized power from the governor and
  battled for control of Jamestown.

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Slavery and Triangular Trade
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Slave Codes

• In 1705 Virginia enacted a slave codea set of
  laws that regulated slavery and defined the
  relationship between enslaved Africans and free
  people.

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Mercantilism

• Mercantilism is a set of ideas about the world
  economy and how it works.
• Mercantilists believed that a countrys wealth
  was measured by the amount of gold and silver it
  possessed.
• Mercantilists believed that having a greater
  number of exports than imports would result in
  more gold and silver flowing into the country.

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Navigation Acts

• In 1660 Parliament passed a navigation act that
  required all goods imported or exported from the
  colonies to be transported on English ships.
• The act also listed specific raw materials that
  the colonies could sell only to England.
• Parliament passed another navigation act in 1663.
• This law required all goods imported by the
  colonies to come through England.

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John Locke

• John Locke, a political philosopher, wrote a book
  entitled Two Treatises of Government.
• In the book, Locke asserted that all people were
  born with natural rights, including the right to
  life, liberty, and property.

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Montesquieu

• Baron Montesquieu, another influential
  Enlightenment writer, argued that to protect
  peoples liberties, a government should be
  separated into different branches to provide
  checks and balances against one another.

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Great Awakening

• Many American colonists in the 1700s turned to a
  religious movement called pietism, which stressed
  an individuals devoutness and emotional union
  with God.
• Ministers spread pietism through revivals, large
  public meetings for preaching and prayer.
• This revival of religious feelings became known
  as the Great Awakening.

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Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield Two
Great Awakening Preachers
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French and Indian War

• War fought between France (with allied Indian
  nations) and Britain for control of eastern
  North America from 1754 to 1763.
• 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the war.
• In the treaty, France turned present-day Canada
  over to Britain and surrendered its claim to all
  lands east of the Mississippi River.
• The only exception was the city of New Orleans,
  which France had given to Spain in a secret
  treaty in 1762.
• The British returned Cuba, which they had
  captured during the war to Spain in exchange for
  Florida.

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Other
Other names include Queen Anne's War, King
William's War, The Seven Year's War
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Albany Plan of Union

• During a meeting called the Albany Conference
  between the colonists and the Iroquois, the
  conference issued the Albany Plan of Unionthe
  first suggestion that the colonies unite to form
  a federal government.

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George Grenville

• After the French-Indian War, Britain was left
  with heavy financial debt.
• The new Prime Minister George Grenville asked,
  Why shouldnt these colonists begin to pay some
  of the costs of their own government and
  defense?

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Proclamation Line 1763

• It forbade Americans to settle in the region west
  of the Appalachian Mountains.
• The proclamation angered many farmers and land
  speculators.

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Sugar Act 1764

• It imposed duties on sugar, coffee, tea,wine,
  textiles, indigo (blue dye), pimento,and other
  imports.
• It expanded jurisdiction of vice-admiralty
  courts.
• It reduced the tax on imported foreign molasses.

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Stamp Act 1765

• Printed documentsdeeds, newspapers, marriage
  licenses, pamphlets, almanacs, all legal and
  commercial documentsissued only on special
  stamped paper purchased from stamp distributors
  stamps also had to be purchased for decks of
  playing cards and dice.

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No taxation without representation!

• Colonists argued that they were being taxed
  without representation in Parliament.

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Currency Act of 1764

• This act banned the use of paper money in the
  colonies, angering colonial farmers and artisans
  who used paper money to pay back loans.

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Quartering Act 1765

• Colonists forced to supply British troops with
  housing and bedding as well as candles, salt,
  rum, fire, vinegar, beer, cider.

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Declaratory Act 1766

• Parliament declares its sovereignty over the
  colonies in all cases whatsoever.

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Townshend Revenue Acts 1767

• New duties were imposed on glass, lead, paper,
  paints, and tea.
• British customs collections tightened in America.
  
• It created a customs commission.
• It suspended the New York Assembly for failing to
  comply with the act.
• It legalized the use of general search warrants
  called writs of assistance.

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Boston Massacre 1770

• British troops opened fire at a crowd of
  colonists and killed five Americans, including
  ex-slave Crispus Attucks, the first casualty in
  the cause for American Independence.

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Gaspee Burned 1772

• In 1772 the British customs ship, the Gaspee, ran
  aground and was seized by colonists and burned.
• The British took suspects to England for trial.

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Tea Act 1773

• Parliament gives the East India Company the right
  to sell tea directly to Americans which made East
  Indias tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea.

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Boston Tea Party 1773

• Colonists tossed British tea into Boston Harbor
  to show their hatred of the tea tax.

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Intolerable Acts 1774 (Cohersive Acts)

• It closed port of Boston to all shipping until
  the town made restitution for the tea destroyed
  at the Boston Tea Party.
• It restructured Massachusetts government.
• It restricted town meetings.
• British troops were quartered in Boston.
• Officials accused of crimes were sent to England
  or Canada for trial.

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Quebec Act 1774

• It created a government for the French Roman
  Catholic colony of Quebec.
• It prevented the colonists from moving West.
• It extended the borders of Quebec to include the
  land between the Ohio and Missouri Rivers.

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First Continental Congress

• The First Continental Congress met in
  Philadelphia in 1774.
• The congress wrote the Declaration of Rights and
  Grievances, which expressed loyalty to the king,
  but condemned the Coercive Acts and announced
  that the colonies were forming a non-importation
  association.

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Prohibitory Acts 1775

• Declared British intention to coerce Americans
  into submission placed an embargo on American
  goods seized all American ships.

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April 19, 1775

• War broke out between Great Britain and the
  American colonies.
• On that day, about 800 British troops marched to
  Concord, Massachusetts, to capture the arms and
  ammunition hidden there by the colonists.

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April Morning

• The British soldiers hoped to surprise the
  Americans, but Paul Revere, William Dawes, and
  Dr. Samuel Prescott had warned the colonists that
  the British were coming.

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The shot heard round the world

• In the towns of Lexington and Concord, the first
  shots of the American Revolution were fired.
• About 70 armed Minutemen fought valiantly, but
  within minutes, 8 Americans lay dead on the
  village green and another 10 were wounded.

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The shot heard round the world

• When the Battles of Lexington and Concord were
  over, more than 70 British soldiers had been
  killed and more than 170 wounded before the force
  reached the safety of Boston.
• The Americans counted more than 90 Patriots as
  either killed, wounded, or missing.
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• "Concord Hymn" (1837)

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Revolutionary War

• The American Revolutionary War, which became a
  war for American independence from Britain, had
  begun.
• Americans called Loyalists, or Tories, remained
  loyal to the king and felt British laws should be
  upheld.
• The Patriots, or Whigs, thought the British were
  tyrants.

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Thomas Paine

• Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense a pamphlet that
  persuaded many readers, including many who had
  favored a peaceful settlement of differences with
  the British government, to support a
  complete--and likely violentbreak with Britain
  instead.
• Common Sense was written in a simple, direct
  style, and it suggested that anyone could
  understand the conflict between Great Britain and
  the colonies.

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tis time to part!

• The period of debate is closed. Arms, as the
  last resource, decide the contest . . .
  Everything that is right or natural pleads for
  separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping
  voice of nature cries, TIS TIME TO PART.

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Second Continental Congress

• After the battles at Lexington and Concord, the
  Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia
  to address the issue of defense.
• The Congress voted to adopt the militia army
  around Boston and named it the Continental Army.

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Olive Branch Petition

• The Second Continental Congress convened on May
  10, 1775 amid calls for a revolutionary war with
  Britain.
• In July 1775, they sent a document known as the
  Olive Branch Petition to the king.
• It stated that the colonies were still loyal to
  King George III and asked the king to call off
  the army while a compromise could be made.

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Declaration of Independence

• On July 2, 1776 the Congress voted for national
  independence and on July 4, 1776 it adopted the
  Declaration of Independence.
• Thomas Jefferson, main author
• America defeats Great Britain in the war.

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Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union

• In November 1777, the Continental Congress
  adopted the Articles of Confederation and
  Perpetual Union.
• This was a plan for a loose union of the states
  under Congress.
• Firm League of Friendship
• The Articles of Confederation set up a weak
  central government.
• Dates it was in effect 1781-1788

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Northwest Ordinance

• The Congress also set up the Northwest Ordinance
  as a basis for governing much of this territory.
• The ordinance created a new territory north of
  the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River,
  which could become three to five states.

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Shayss Rebellion 1786

• Shayss Rebellion broke out in Massachusetts in
  1786.
• It started when the government of Massachusetts
  decided to raise taxes to pay off its debt
  instead of issuing paper money.
• Farmers rebelled by shutting county courthouses.
• The farmers, led by Daniel Shays, went to a state
  arsenal to get weapons.

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Shayss Rebellion 1786

• A government militia defended the arsenal against
  the rebels, killing four farmers.
• Many Americans began to see the risk of having a
  weak central government and called for a change
  in government.

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Iroquois Confederation / Constitution

• A league of six related Indian tribes
• An independently developed political system with
  the oldest surviving constitution in North
  America
• Great Binding Law
• They worked together jointly on matters of war
  and peace and other common concerns.

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Quakers

• The Religious Society of Friends is another name
  for Quakers.
• Traces its origin to a Christian movement in
  mid-17th century England and Wales.
• Quakers are one of the peace churches, alongside
  the Mennonites and Amish, because of their
  emphasis on Christian pacifism.

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Catholics

• Non-protestant Christians
• Led by the Pope
• The Church defines its mission as spreading the
  gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the
  sacraments, and exercising charity.
• Teaches that it was founded by Jesus Christ, that
  its bishops are successors of his apostles, and
  that the Pope is the successor of St. Peter.

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Salem Witch Trials

• Series of hearings before local magistrates
  followed by county court trials to prosecute
  people accused of witchcraft in colonial
  Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693.
• Over 150 people were arrested and imprisoned,
  with even more accused but not formally pursued
  by the authorities.
• More than 26 who went to trial were convicted.
• Nineteen of the accused, 14 women and 5 men, were
  hanged.
• One the most famous cases of mass hysteria

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Sons of Liberty

• A political group made up of American Patriots
  that originated in the pre-independence North
  American British colonies.
• The group was designed to incite change in the
  British government's treatment of the Colonies in
  the years following the end of the French and
  Indian War.

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Indentured Servants

• Typically a young unskilled laborer came to
  America under contract to work an employer for a
  fixed period of time, typically 3-7 years, in
  exchange for their ocean transportation, food,
  clothing, lodging and other necessities during
  the term of their indenture.
• Included men and women most under age 21, and
  most became helpers on farms or house servants.
• They were not paid wages.

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Joint-Stock Companies

• Forerunner of the modern corporation.
• In a joint-stock venture, stock was sold to
  wealthy investors who provided capital and had
  limited risk.
• These companies had proven profitable in the past
  with trading ventures.
• The risk was small, and the returns
• were fairly quick.

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Joint-Stock Companies, Continued

• Investing in a colony was an altogether different
  venture.
• The risk was larger as the colony might fail.
• The startup costs were enormous and the returns
  might take years.
• Investors in such endeavors needed more than a
  small sense of adventure.