SOL Standards Chapter 1

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SOL Standards Chapter 1

• STANDARD WHI.2a
• The student will demonstrate knowledge of early
  development of humankind from the Paleolithic Era
  to the agricultural revolution by
• a) explaining the impact of geographic
  environment on hunter-gatherer societies.
• Homo sapiens emerged in East Africa between
  100,000 and 400,000 years ago.
• Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia,
  Australia, and the Americas.
• Early humans were hunters and gatherers whose
  survival depended on
• the availability of wild plants and animals.
• b) listing characteristics of hunter-gatherer
  societies, including their use of tools and fire.
• Hunter-gatherer societies during the
• Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)
• Were nomadic (migrated in search of food,
  water, shelter)
• Invented the first tools, including simple
  weapons
• Learned how to make fire Lived in clans
• Developed oral language Created cave art

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• c) describing technological and social
  advancements that gave rise to stable
  communities.
• Societies during the Neolithic Era
• (New Stone Age)
• Developed agriculture (Domesticated Plants)
  Domesticated animals
• Used advanced tools Made pottery
• Developed weaving skills
• d) explaining how archaeological discoveries are
  changing present-day knowledge of early peoples.
• -Archaeologists study past cultures by locating
  and analyzing human remains, fossils, and
  artifacts.
• -Archaeologists apply scientific tests such as
  carbon dating to analyze fossils and artifacts.
• -Stonehenge is an example of an archaeological
  site in England that was begun during the
  Neolithic and completed during the Bronze Age.

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The study of past societies through an analysis
of what people have left behind.
Artifacts are those things that people left
behind, they can include
Tools and Weapons
Art and Sculpture
Pottery
Ancient Buildings and Monuments
Human Remains
Jewelry
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The study of human life and culture
The remains of ancient plants and animals. By
studying fossils archaeologists and
anthropologists can learn about what people ate,
what animals they had around, and their way of
life.
Carbon dating can be used to date organic
artifacts, or things that were once alive All
living things contain a radioactive isotope of
Carbon called Carbon 14 which they absorb from
the sun while they are alive. Carbon 14 has a
half-life of 5000 years. That means it takes
5,000 years for half of the Carbon 14 in
something to break down. If we know how much
Carbon 14 something has left we can count back to
how much is had to begin with to determine the
age of the artifact. Is limited to things 50,000
years old or less.
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Paleo means old Lithic means
stone Paleolithic Old Stone Age. This era was
called the stone age because early man used stone
to make his tools and weapons.
Paleolithic man lived in groups called
clans. These clans got their food by Hunting and
Gathering Once the food supply ran out they would
move to a different area. Because they moved
from place to place they were Nomadic.
Essential Knowledge Were Nomadic Wandered from
place to place in search of food and
shelter Invented the first tools and weapons
including simple stone tools. Lived in groups
called clans of about 20-30 people, used caves
for shelter. Learned to make and control fire to
keep warm and cook their food. Developed oral, or
spoken language Made cave art and statues.
The role of men was to do the hunting The role of
women was gathering and caring for children
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Gathering was a more reliable source of food and
so in Paleolithic society it is thought that it
may have been Matriarchal, or female dominated.
Women were often seen at the time as symbols of
life and fertility. Many ancient religions were
centered around the worship of the earth and the
woman was often representative of the earth and
life because of the fact that women gave birth.
Early ideas about religion are often called
sympathetic magic. It is thought that early man
often drew, or made representations of what
he/she wanted to happen. Fertility statues for
having many children, paintings of successful
hunts etc.
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Use of Fire Early man learned to use fire to
adapt to his environment. It was probably
discovered from friction, lightning, or
accidental hitting two rocks together. Ice
Ages Fire was very important during the ice ages.
Without fire man would not have been able to
survive. Cave Art Man has created art for a
very long time. There is some argument as to
what this art was for. Was it art as art, or art
as a form of religion?
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The Mesolithic Age

• Between the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras there
  was a transitionary stage known as the Mesolithic
  age where there was a gradual shift from the old
  food-gathering and hunting economy to a
  food-producing one.
• There was also a gradual taming of animals, these
  changes led to a new period, the Neolithic age.

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Neo means new Lithic means stone Neolithic
means new stone age.
The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution was the
change from the Paleolithic period to the
Neolithic Period. The thing that allowed for
this change was the discovery of agriculture. It
is thought that women discovered
agriculture. Systematic Agriculture was the
consistent growing of crops on a continuing
basis. Domestication of Animals In addition to
growing crops Neolithic man also tamed animals
for hunting (dogs) and other animals for their
food such as sheep, cows, etc. . .
Developed Agriculture Domesticated Animals Used
Advanced Stone Tools Developed Weaving (better
clothing) Made Pottery (for food storage)
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Variations on Agriculture As agriculture spread
different areas began to grow different crops
that were suited to their environment. These
places where people began to settle down, grow
crops, and start villages became known as the
Cradles of Civilization. Most of these areas were
in river valleys. This first was Mesopotamia
between the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys.
Other river valleys include The Nile in Egypt,
the Indus in India, and the Huang He in
China. These villages spread throughout Europe
and the rest of the world. The oldest and largest
of the villages are found in SW Asia.
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Found in ancient Palestine near the Dead sea. It
was in existence by 8000 B.C.
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Found in Anatolia (Modern Day Turkey) Its walls
enclosed 32 acres and up to 6,000 people. Grew
many different crops and developed artisans and
trade.
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Aleppo is one of the oldest inhabited cities in
history. Located in Modern-Day Syria It has
been occupied since around 5000 BCE. It occupies
a strategic trading point midway between the sea
and the Euphrates. The main role of the city was
as a trading place.

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Monument begun in the Neolithic age and finished
in the Bronze Age Located on the Salisbury Plain
in England
What it may have looked like at completion
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-As villages turned into cities, men took over
the work of farming. Now men were the primary
providers of food and women no longer filled that
role. -Because of this the role of women changed
to that of family caregiver and society became
mostly male dominated (patriarchal) in most
cultures
Copper The first metal used by ancient man was
copper. This was a natural metal And could be
cast into tools. Bronze Age Later, copper was
mixed with tin to make Bronze. Bronze was the
metal of choice from about 3000-1200 BCE Iron
Age- About 1000 BCE the use of iron became common.
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Agricultural Surplus As farming technology
improved people were able to grow the food they
needed. Because of this not everyone had to work
on providing food anymore and so people could do
other things. Artisans People who made crafts
such as textiles (fabrics), pottery, jewelry,
etc. . . People could do what they were good at
instead of having to farm. Specialization of
Labor Because people could focus on one
particular thing technology and skills improved.
Storage of Food Pottery and other devices were
invented as ways to grow extra food. This extra
food was vital for feeding a growing
population. Trade As artisans made goods they
began to exchange goods with other villages, and
later cities, who had different goods. This was
a barter system.
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An agricultural surplus led to the emergence of
civilization, a complex culture where humans
share common elements.
Rise of cities
Growth of Government. Usually monarchs (King and
Queens)
Artistic Activity Temples, Pyramids, Palaces,
Painting, and Sculpture
Emergence of Religion Priests take an active
role.
Use of Writing First was Cuneiform in Sumer
New Social Structure Different social classes
emerge
Culture The way of life of a group of people
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Cities

• The first civilization developed in river
  valleys, this allowed for large-scale farming to
  take place.
• As populations grew, cities were formed

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Government

• The need for government emerged because there was
  a need to regulate many aspects of city life
  including the food supply and the defense of the
  city.
• As people had more contact with each other,
  conflicts also emerged, government helped to
  regulate these as well.
• Most early governments were monarchies.

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Religion

• Religion developed originally as a way to explain
  natural phenomena.
• People believed that it was important for gods
  and goddesses to be kept happy because they had a
  direct impact on the lives of the people-if the
  deities werent happy things would go poorly for
  the people.
• This gave priests special power and make them
  important figures.
• Also, many rulers said their power came from the
  gods.

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Social Structure

• As economic power rose there also rose divisions
  between the different social classes.
• The upper class was made up of priests,
  government officials, and warriors.
• The lower class was made of free people, farmers,
  artisans, and craftspeople.
• Below these groups were the slaves, usually
  prisoners of war.

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Writing

• Writing developed as a way to keep records.
• The first written language developed in Sumer in
  Mesopotamia, it became known as Cuneiform
  (wedge-shaped writing)

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Art

• Once people had a steady food supply there was
  more time for artistic activity.
• Artistic activities included
• Building Temples and Pyramids
• Painting
• Sculpture
• Jewelry