DO NOW Sept 5

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DO NOW Sept 5

• An officer responds to a disturbance in a parking
  lot where he finds a young man has suffered a
  gunshot wound to the lower torso. The weather is
  cold and raining. The officer checks that the
  victim is breathing and begins to seal off the
  crime scene. The officer immediately checks the
  scene for any signs of evidence. He then calls in
  for officer assistance and an ambulance.
• Evaluate the actions of the officer.

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DO NOW Answer

• The officer does not follow the proper protocol
  in this situation.
• The officers actions may have been dictated by
  the fact that it was raining outside and that any
  possible evidence may have been washed away or
  destroyed.
• However, first priority is always the safety and
  welfare of any victims on scene.

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FORENSICSChapter 1 Introduction to Forensic
Science
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Why do we need laws in our society?

• What do laws regulate in our society?

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Introduction

• Laws are a necessity to regulate
• The quality of our food
• The potency of drugs
• The quality of water
• The preservation of nature
• The honesty and integrity of mankind.
• Ensure the safety and security of law-abiding
  citizens against criminal acts.

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What is Forensics?

• The application of science to criminal and civil
  law that are enforced by police agencies in a
  criminal justice system.
• Forensic science owes its origins to individuals
  who developed the principles and techniques
  needed to identify and compare physical evidence.

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Elementary, my dear Watson

• Popular media has marginalized and
  sensationalized the importance of the scientific
  process behind forensic science.

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History

• Mathieu Orfila the father of forensic
  toxicology.
• Alphonse Bertillion - devised the first
  scientific system of personal identification in
  1879.
• Francis Galton conducted the first definitive
  study of fingerprints and their classification.
• Leone Lattes developed a procedure to determine
  blood type from dried blood stains.

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Blood Typing

• Which blood type is the universal donor?
• Which blood type is the unviversal recipient?
• (Here is a little bit of Biology!)

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DO NOW Sept 9

• A blood sample taken from a crime scene is type
  A. Police arrest a suspect with type A blood but
  claims he did not commit the crime. He tells
  police that his half brother is guilty of the
  crime. Both men have the same mother whose blood
  type is B.
• If the father of the half brother has type O
  blood, was the blood sample left by the half
  brother?

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DO NOW ANSWER

• No, the half brother can only have blood type B
  or O.
• The half brother did not leave his blood at the
  crime scene.
• Solve Punnett Squares!

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Blood Types
O is most common blood type.
O is the universal donor. AB is the universal
recipient.
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History

• Walter McCrone utilized microscopy and other
  analytical methodologies to examine evidence.
• Hans Gross wrote the first treatise describing
  the application of scientific principles to the
  field of criminal investigation.
• Edmond Locard incorporated Gross principles
  within a workable crime laboratory.
• Locards Exchange Principle states that a
  cross-transfer of evidence occurs when a criminal
  comes in contact with an object or person.

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The Crime Lab

• Rapid growth
• Lack of national and regional planning and
  coordination.
• Paul Leland Kirk (1902-1970) was head of first
  criminalistics department at the University of
  California Berkeley.
• 350 public crime labs operating at four levels of
  government
• federal, state, county, and municipal.

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Is Forensic Science Infallible?

• http//www.nytimes.com/2014/05/19/us/dna-analysis-
  exposes-an-inexact-forensic-science.html

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AGENDA Monday Sept 15

• Learning Objective Describe the technical
  services available to analyze evidence.
• 1. Crime Team Poster Grades
• 2. Technical Services
• 3. Finish Anthropometry LAB Part 1
• 4. Introduce PART 2
• 5. Homework and Review

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Why did Crime Labs begin to expand in size and
number?

• Factors that affected Crime Labs

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The Crime Lab

• Increasing numbers of crime labs partly on the
  rise due to
• Supreme Court decisions in the 1960s
• police to build cases on scientifically evaluated
  evidence.
• High levels of drug abuse
• crime labs unable to keep up with demands.
• DNA profiling technology

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Technical Support

• Five basic services.
• Physical Science Unit use of chemistry,
  physics, and geology to identify and compare
  physical evidence.
• Biology Unit use of biology to investigate
  blood samples, body fluids, hair, and fiber
  samples.
• Firearms Unit investigates discharged bullets,
  cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition.

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Technical Support

• Document Unit analyzes handwriting and
  questioned-document issues.
• Photographic Unit applies specialized
  photographic techniques for examining and
  recording physical evidence.

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Optional Tech Services

• Toxicology Unit examines body fluids and organs
  for the presence of drugs and poisons.
• Latent Fingerprint Unit
• Polygraph Unit
• Voiceprint Analysis Unit analyze voice patterns.
• Evidence Collection Unit specially trained
  individuals collect and preserve physical
  evidence.

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Skills of a Forensic Scientist

• Apply principles and techniques of physical and
  natural sciences.
• Analyze various types of evidence.
• Provide expert court testimony.

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Skills of a Forensic Scientist

• Expert witness determined by the court to
  possess knowledge relevant to a trial that is not
  expected of the average person.
• Evaluates evidence based on training and
  experience that the court lacks the expertise to
  do.
• Provides an expert opinion as to the significance
  of findings.
• Assist in the training of law enforcement in the
  proper recognition, collection, and preservation
  of physical evidence.

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Forensics at Work

• http//www.abc.net.au/btn/story/s3527744.htm

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FRYE vs. the United States 1923

• Defendant was convicted of Second Degree Murder.
• An early form of a Polygraph test was used by
  prosecution as key evidence in the case.
• Systolic Blood Pressure Deception Test

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• Scientific experiments have demonstrated that
  fear, rage, and pain always produce a rise of
  systolic blood pressure.
• Conscious deception or falsehood, concealment of
  facts, or guilt of crime, accompanied by fear of
  detection.
• Indicates the struggle going on in the subject's
  mind between fear and attempted control of that
  fear under examination.

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THE RULING

• Expert testimony deduced from a well-recognized
  scientific principle or discovery.
• Deduction made must be sufficiently established
  to have gained general acceptance in the
  particular field in which it belongs.

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The Frye Standard

• The Frye v. the United States decision set the
  guidelines for determining admissibility of
  scientific evidence into the courtroom.
• To meet the Frye Standard, evidence in question
  must be generally accepted by the scientific
  community.

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Frye Not Absolute

• 1993 case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow
  Pharmaceutical, Inc.
• U.S. Supreme Court asserted that Frye Standard is
  not an absolute prerequisite to the admissibility
  of scientific evidence.
• Trial judges are ultimately responsible as
  gatekeepers for the admissibility and validity
  of scientific evidence presented in their courts
  as well as expert testimony.

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The Daubert Criteria

• In Daubert, Supreme Court offered guidelines as
  to how a judge can gauge scientific evidence.
• 1. Whether the scientific technique or theory can
  be (and has been) tested.
• 2. Whether the technique or theory has been
  subject to peer review and publication.
• 3. The techniques potential rate of error.
• 4. Existence and maintenance of standards
  controlling the techniques operation.
• 5. Widespread acceptance of scientific theory or
  method within a relevant scientific community.

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Unsolved Crimes

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vs27fxRk9dpE
• Get into your CRIME TEAMS!
• ELECT A SPOKESPERSON!

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Unsolved Crimes

• Based upon what you have seen, what steps may
  have been taken to further investigate these
  murders?
• Do you believe both crimes were committed by the
  same individual/individuals? WHY?
• Write your answers on a piece of paper.

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UNSOLVED CRIMES

• Physical evidence on the victims.
• ID the type of instrument that caused the
  injuries to the victims.
• Cross reference the DNA found on the cigarettes.
• Good old fashioned police work walk the beat
  and ask questions.
• Retrace the path of the victims.
• Search surrounding area/waters for a weapon.
• Attempt to ID a possible means/route of escape
  for the attackers (search the local parking lots,
  etc)

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Investigation Sept 23

• What the following video clip?
• Pay close attention to the piece of evidence in
  question.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vzVrUbkHJuHY

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Special Forensic Services

• Forensic Pathology involves the investigation of
  unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths.
• Medical examiners or coronersdetermine the cause
  of death.
• Autopsy or medical dissection and examination of
  a body.

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Stages of Death

• RIGOR mortis results in the shortening of
  
• muscle tissue and stiffening of body parts
• in the position at death.
• Occurs within first 24 hours and disappears
  within 36 hours.
• LIVOR mortis results in the settling of blood in
  areas of body closest to the ground.
• Begins immediately on death up to 12 hours
  after death.

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Special Forensic Services

• ALGOR mortis results in loss of body heat.
• General rule begins an hour after death.
• Body loses heat at a rate of 1 to 1.5
  degrees F per hour until body reaches
  environmental temperature.

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Stages of Death
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Special Forensic Services

• Forensic Entomology is the study of insects and
  their relation to a criminal investigation often
  to estimate time of death.
• Forensic Psychiatry involves the relationship
  between human behavior and legal proceedings.
• Forensic Odontology involves the use of teeth and
  bite marks to assist in identifying a victim in
  an unrecognizable state.

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Special Forensic Services

• Forensic Engineering involves failure analysis,
  accident reconstruction, and the causes and
  origins of fires and explosions.
• Forensic Computer Science involves the
  examination of digital evidence.