OLS 331 Occupational Safety and Health

1
Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety Health
Instructor Lee Reynolds, Associate
Professor Department of Engineering
Technology Texas Tech University
2
Overview of Todays Lecture
Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety Health

• Administrative Matters
• Website http//129.118.86.167
• Office Schedule
• User ID ctec4343
• Password et4343s07
• Key Sections of CTEC 4343 Website
• Historical Perspective of Safety Health

3
Student Learning Objectives

• Know major events in the history of safety and
  health
• Know labor contributions
• List some safety and health organizations in
  existence today

4
(No Transcript)
5
Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety Health
Office and Class Schedule for Professor
ReynoldsSpring Semester Office Location ME
224AOffice Phone [phone]-Ext 233Email
howard.l.reynolds_at_ttu.edu
6
(No Transcript)
7
Specialization ('Standard Industrial Classification, assigned by the U.S. Department of Commerce) SIC Code
General contractor, single family 1521
General contractor, nonresidential 154
Highway street construction 161
Bridge, tunnel, elevated highways 1622
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning 171
Painting, paperhanging, decorating 172
Masonry, stonework, tile setting 174
Plastering, drywall, acoustical 1742
Carpeting flooring 175
Concrete work 177
Structural steel erection 1792
Glass glazing work 1793
Wrecking demolition 1795
8

• The concept of shared liability contributes to
  the following potential problems for construction
  companies
• Construction companies can find themselves named
  in a lawsuit filed by someone they do not even
  employ when the concept of shared liability is
  used to couple them with another company.
• Courts often hold general contractors at least
  partially liable for the actions of their
  subcontractors, claiming that, if they did not
  know about unsafe conditions, they should have.
• Construction companies that serve as general
  contractors are expected to exercise control over
  all aspects of a construction project and can be
  held liable.
• The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
  (OSHA) tends to hold all parties accountable
  (general contractors and subcontractors), even if
  they are not directly involved in a given
  violation

9
Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety Health

• Major topics on the health and safety
• movement covered in this presentation

• Developments before the
• Industrial Revolution.
• Milestones in the Safety
• Movement
• Role of Organized Labor

10
Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety Health

• Development of Accident Prevention Programs
• Development of Safety Organizations
• Safety and Health Movement Today

11
Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety Health

• What is Occupational Safety and Health?
• It is the discipline concerned with preserving
  and protecting human and capital resources in the
  workplace.
• What does occupational safety
• and health mean to society and
• business?

12
Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety Health

• Economics
• Moral
• Legal

13
Historical Examination of Occupational Safety
and Health

• 2000 BC - Code of Hammurabi
• Code of all laws of the land
• Included clauses on personal losses

14

• 400 BC - Greek and Roman Physicians
• Noted concerns for individuals exposed to metals
  
• 200 AD - Galen
• Roman physician wrote about dangers of acid mists
  to copper miners

15
Historical Examination of Occupational Safety
and Health

• 1500 AD - Paracelsus
• Studied miners diseases. His studies formed the
  basis of modern toxicology (study of poisons)
• All things are poisonous and none inherently
  poisonous. Only a dose determines severity.

16

• Bernardo Ramazzini - Disease of Workers
• Urged physicians to ask patients What trade are
  you in?

17
Historical Examination of Occupational Safety
and Health

• 1700 - Percival Pott
• Observed the first occupational cancers
• Scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps

18
1700s Industrial Revolution

• Inanimate Power
• Substitute Machines for people
• New methods for converting raw materials
• Division of labor

• Frederick W. Taylor, The
• Principles of Scientific
• Management, 1911
• The Assembly line

19
Safety Laws

• Factory inspections in MA.
• Mining laws in PA.
• Safeguarding for hazardous machines in MA.

20
Federal Safety and Health Acts

• None Prior to 1970
• States had the responsibility for health and
  safety laws.
• Laws were usually industry specific and
  inadequately funded
• Injury and Illness rates were perceived as too
  high.
• Pressure from Organized Labor

21
30 Year Injury Rate
22
70 Year Mortality Rate
23
Occupational Safety

• What has changed in the last 50 years?

• More technology
• More mechanization
• Less labor
• More service based business

24
The Role Organized Labor and the Safety Movement

• Helped to overturn several anti-labor laws
  relating to safety and health.
• Fellow servant rule
• Contributory negligence
• Assumption of risk

25
Engineering Approach to Safety
Unsafe Acts 88
Unsafe Conditions 10
Unsafe Causes 2
Total cases of workplace accidents 100
According to engineering theory, people, not
unsafe conditions were the greatest cause of
accidents.
26
Development of Formal Safety Programs

• First Safety Program - Steel mills in PA. 1887
• Focus of programs on the 3 Es of Safety

• Engineering
• Enforcement
• Education

27
Development of Formal Safety Programs

• 1867 Massachusetts introduces
• factory inspection.
• 1868 Patent awarded to first
• barrier safeguard.
• 1869 Pennsylvania passes law requiring
• two exits from all mines and the Bureau
• of Labor Statistics is formed.

28
Modern Milestones in the Safety Movement

• 1877 Massachusetts passes law requiring
  safeguards on hazardous machines and the
  Employers Liability Law is passed.
• 1892 First recorded safety program is
  established.

29
Modern Milestones in the Safety Movement

• 1907 Bureau of Mines created by U.S.
• Department of the Interior.
• 1908 Concept of Workers
• Compensation is introduced in the
• United States.

30

• 1911 Wisconsin passed first effective workers
  compensation law in the U.S. and New Jersey
  becomes first state to uphold a workers
  compensation law.

31
Modern Milestones in the Safety Movement

• 1912 First cooperative safety conference meets in
  Milwaukee.
• 1913 National Council of Industrial Safety is
  formed.
• 1915 National Council of Industrial Safety
  changes name to National Safety Council.

32
Modern Milestones in the Safety Movement

• 1916 Concept of negligent manufacture is
  established (product liability).
• 1936 National Silicosis Conference convened by
  U.S. Secretary of Labor.

33

• 1965, Federal Metal and Non-Metallic Mine Safety
  Act.
• 1965, Federal Coal Mine and Safety Act
• 1965, Contact Workers and Safety standards Act

34
Modern Milestones in the Safety Movement

• 1970 Occupational Health and Safety Act passes.

• 1977 Federal Mine Safety Act
• passes.

35

• 1986 Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act.
  
• 1990 Amended Clean Air Act of 1970.
• 1996 Introduction of Total Safety Management
  (TSM) concept.

36
Summary

• Remaining Slides list organizations concerned
  with safety and health
• Your vocation will interface you with one of the
  more hazardous environments

37
ProfessionalOrganizations Concerned with
Workplace Safety

• Alliance for American Insurers
• American Board of Industrial
• Hygiene
• American Council of Government
• Industrial Hygienists

38
ProfessionalOrganizations Concerned with
Workplace Safety

• American Industrial Hygiene
• Association
• American Insurance Association
• American National Standards Institute

39
ProfessionalOrganizations Concerned with
Workplace Safety

• American Occupational Medical Association
• American Society of
• Safety Engineers
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers

40

• American Society of Safety Engineers
• American Society for Testing and Materials
• Chemical Transportation Emergency Center
• Human Factors Society

41
ProfessionalOrganizations Concerned with
Workplace Safety

• National Fire Protection Association
• National Safety Council
• National Safety Management Society
• Society of Automotive Engineers

42

• System Safety Society
• Underwriters Laboratory

43
ProfessionalOrganizations Concerned with
Workplace Safety

• American Public Health Association
• Bureau of Labor Statistics
• Bureau of National Affairs
• Commerce Clearing House
• Environmental Protection Agency

44
ProfessionalOrganizations Concerned with
Workplace Safety

• National Institute of Standards and technology
  (formerly national Bureau of Standards)
• National Institutes of Occupational Safety and
  Health

45

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
  (OSHA)
• Superintendent of Document, U.S. Government
  Printing Office
• U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.

46
Accident Prevention

• Six Reasons for preventing accidents and
  occupational illnesses
• Needless destruction of life and health morally
  unjustified.
• Failure to take necessary precautions against
  accidents and illnesses morally wrong.
• Severely limit efficiency and productivity.

47
Accident Prevention

• Far reaching social harm.
• Safety movement demonstrated its techniques
  effective.
• State and federal laws mandate responsibility.

48
Summary Statements

• Safety and Health long history dating back to
  Egyptian pharaohs and Hammurabi code.
• U.S. milestones include 1st recorded safety
  program, Creation of Bureau of Mines, passage of
  1st effective workers compensation law,OSHA law.

49

• Work of unions to overturn anti-labor laws.
• Specific health problems of miners diseases,
  mercury poisoning, and asbestos.

50
Summary Statements

• widely used accident prevention techniques.
• Development of safety organizations.
• Todays characterization of integration and
  professionalism.