Geographic Toolbox

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Geographic Toolbox

• Types of Geography
• Physical Geography
• regards the natural environment, such as
• Human Geography
• regards the environment as
• it pertains to human
• uses such as
• Geo Connections WS

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Types of Projections

• ALL map projects are distorted views of the
  earths surface!!!
• A globe is the only accurate method to
  represent the earth because it is a sphere just
  like the earth
• The Mercator Projection is one particular map
  which is very distorted
• To make a flat map from a round globe,
  cartographers unwrapped the globe and stretched
  the northern (and southern) regions to make them
  flat
• All lines of latitude and longitude are seen as
  straight lines
• Created by the British as accurate naval
  navigation charts

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Types of Projections

• Mercator cont.
• The problem is that any northern nation then
  looks stretched and larger than it really is
• i.e. Canada, Greenland, Europe look BIG, while
  Africa, South America and other equatorial
  regions look smaller

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Types of Projections

• The Winkel Tripel (1998) projection attempts to
  correct the distortions seen on maps
• Curved lines of latitude and longitude show less
  distortion in the size of the northern regions
• Gives us a less ethnocentric view of the world
• Workbook examples

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An odd map???
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Map Projections

• Large Scale maps
• Show a great amount of detail about a small area
• Used for residential planning, hiking maps
• Examine Figure 5 (page 6)

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Map Projections

• Small Scale maps
• Show a small amount of detail of a large area
• Used for political maps, physical maps, world
  maps
• Examine figure 3.11 (page 60)
• Examine figure 11.9 (page 195)

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Map Projections

• Small Scale examples

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Types of Maps

• General Purpose Maps
• Provide many different types of information on
  one map
• i.e. roads, hospitals, rivers, cities, forests
• Examine figure 11 (page 11)
• Thematic Maps
• Provide information on one specific
  characteristic or topic
• I.e. elevation, vegetation, population density
• Examine figure 16 (page 18), Figure 3.10 (page 59
• Types of Maps WS

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General Purpose Map

• Ottawa Road
• map

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Thematic Map Poverty Rates
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Compass Points and Bearings

• Compass points are used to show general direction
• North is always identified on any map created
• Cardinal Points N, E, S, W
• Ordinal Points NNE, NE, ENE, ESE, SE

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Compass Points and Bearings

• Bearing Points are given in exact degrees
  measuring angles
• Compass Points WS

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Types of Mapping Symbols

• Point Symbols
• Show a specific item or location on a map
• I.e. city, hospital, museum

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Types of Mapping Symbols

• Linear Symbols
• Show items on maps that connect and travel long
  distances
• Usually variations of lines are used to show the
  location of longitudinal items
• I.e. roads, highways, rail ways, rivers

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Types of Mapping Symbols

• Region Symbols
• Show items or locations that make up self
  enclosed areas on a map
• Usually take up large areas of a map, so regions
  are outlined or shaded to identify them
• I.e. provincial parks, provinces, lakes, marshes
• Map Symbols WS

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Grid Systems

• Alphanumeric Grids
• Uses letters and numbers to identify squares in
  a grid pattern
• letters and numbers always refer to either a row
  or column of squares
• i.e. A12, K5, Q18
• Examine figure 11 (page 11)
• Alpha Numeric WS

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Grid Systems

• Military Grids
• Use 6 digit numbers to identify specific
  locations on map grids
• Numbers are used as Eastings and Northings to
  locate items on a map
• Numbers refer to the grid lines that appear on
  the map
• Always read towards the east first, then up
  towards the north
• Each grid number is also broken down into tenths
• I.e. 834095
• Military Grid WS

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Latitude and Longitude

• No matter where you are on the face of the earth,
  your location can be identified by your latitude
  and longitude coordinate (address)
• Read the vertical axis N or S (latitude) first,
  then horizontal axis E or W (longitude) second

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Latitude and Longitude

• Latitude lines measure how far north or south a
  place is
• The equator is the starting point for all lines
  of latitude
• All latitude lines run east-west around the globe
• Ottawa is located 45 degrees north of the equator

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Latitude and Longitude

• Longitude lines measure how far east or west a
  place is
• The Prime Meridian is the starting point for all
  the lines of longitude
• All longitude lines run north-south around the
  globe until they meet on the reverse side at 180
  degrees
• Ottawa is located 75 degrees west of the prime
  meridian
• Examine figure 14 (page 16)
• Lat. Long WS

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Scales
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Distance Scales

• Direct Statement Scale
• Use words to describe the relationship between a
  distance on a map and a distance on the earths
  surface
• I.e. 1cm to 10 km means every 1 cm you measure
  on the map is 10 km in real life
• Examine figure 10 (page 10)

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Distance Scales

• Line Scale
• Uses a bar or a line to show/ describe scale
• Easiest to use dont even need a ruler!
• Examine figure 11 (page 11)

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Distance Scales

• Representative Fraction Scale
• Uses numbers in a ratio to explain scale
• 1 50 000 means 1cm on the map 50 000 cm on the
  ground
• 1 100,000 the magic !!!
• 100,000cm in a km
• Good because they can be used by anyone in the
  world, using any unit of measure!!!
• 1 1000 small scale VS. 1 5,000,000 large
  scale
• Scale WS