Water Usage in US

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Water Usage in US
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Water Usage in US (2)
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Types of Available Water
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of Water Types Used for All Sectors
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Water Usage by User in US
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Water Uses in Energy Production

• Cooling water for steam turbine condenser
  (largest user)
• Makeup water treatment plant (second largest
  user remaining in no particular order)
• Boiler makeup water
• NOx control for gas turbines
• Auxiliary plant cooling water
• Makeup water to flue gas desulphurization
• Ash handling and disposal
• General domestic use

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Water Used for Cooling Purposes
Open Loop System
Closed Loop System

• H20 withdrawn directly from source
• Lake/river
• Heated H20 returned to source
• Thermal pollution
• Entrainment problems
• Generally only used at coastal facilities

• Uses tower to transfer heat to ambient air
• Withdrawal lt5 of open systems
• Overall greater consumption

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• Types of Cooling Systems
• Once through with cooling ponds/canals
• Freshwater once through
• Saline once through
• Recirculating systems with cooling ponds/canals
• Recirculating systems with forced draft cooling
  towers
• Recirculating systems with induced draft
  cooling towers
• Recirculating systems with natural draft
  cooling towers

(Yang)
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Types of Water Used by Thermoelectric Plants

• Current Sources
• Fresh Groundwater
• Surface Freshwater
• Surface Saline water
• Public Delivery
• Sewage
• Mixed water sources

(Water Use, Yang)
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Cooling Water Sources
industrial wastewater
sewage reservoir waste water effluent
wells
rivers
cooling pond
ground water
treatment system
Ocean aquifer mill supply
municipal
lakes
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Treatment of Water

• Impurities present in surface/groundwater sources
  that must be addressed
• Total dissolved solids
• For many processes, it is unnecessary to reduce
  except in substantial evaporation losses
• Suspended solids/particulate matter
• Treatment depends on level of solids present
• Can cause silting/fouling problems in cooling
  towers/circuits
• Colloidal species
• Cant be removed by ion exchange technology
• Must use membrane separation technology
• Dissolved organic matter
• Can cause corrosion in turbine cylinders if not
  treated

Water Treatment for Fossil Fuel Power Generation,
Paton
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• Research for new sources
• Mine pool water
• geological carbon sequestration coal bed
  methane produced water
• Industrial/municipal wastewater
• ...and research for water reuse recovery
• reuse power plant cooling water
• recover water from plant flue gas

NETL
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New Sources
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Water Usage in Hydroelectric Power

• Consumptive Uses
• Increased sfc. area of reservoir causes faster
  evaporation
• Non-consumptive Uses
• Water flowing through turbine
• Evaporation 18gal/kWh consumed by end user
• (NREL Consumptive Water Use for US Power
  Production)