Title: ????? (Thorium)
1??? ???? ?????? ??????
- ????? (Thorium)
- ?
- ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??
- ????? ??? ????? ?????? 1
- ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????
2?????
Introduction
- ???? ???? ????????? ?????
-
- ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????
??? ???? ??? ???? 30 ??? ???? ?????. - ??? ??
- ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????
-
3?????? ???
- ?????? ?? ???? ??????
- ?????
- ???? 0015/0 ?? ?? ???? ?????
- ??? ???? ???? Monazite
- ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?
... - ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? 9 ?? ????? ????? ????
?? ???????? - 26 ???????
- ??? ??? ????? ???.
- 232Th
- T1/2 1.41010 y
- Thermal-n-Cross-sec 7.37 b
- Decay mode/Energy alpha/4.081 MeV
- ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????
- ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????
4????????
?Applications
- ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??
5????????
Applications
- ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????
- 238Un-----?239U-----?239Np-----?239Pu
- ????????? ??? ???? ??
- ??????? ?? ??????? ????
- ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??
- ????? ????? ? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????
- ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????(????
???? ????????) - ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???
(Ceramic)
23 Min
2.3 day
6????? ?????????
Biological Action
- ????? ????? ?????
- ?????? ?? ?????? ??????
- 232Th-----?208Pb
- ??? ?? ???? ?????
- ???? ? ??? ???????
- ????? ???????
- ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??
- ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????
???????? ??? - ??? ????
- ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???
?????? - ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????
- ????? ?????? ? ??????
7????? ???? ?? ? ?????Nuclear Energy Thorium
- ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? (Th-based fuel) ??
?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? - ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????
- ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????
???????? (????? ???) - ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????
- ??? ????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ??? ???? (???????
? ????) - ???? ?????? ??? ?????
- ???? ?? ???? ?????
- ????? ????? ????????
- ???? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??
8?????? ???? ??????Benefits
- ????? ???????? ?? ????????
- ??????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??
- low radioxicity waste
- ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? 232Th ???? ??
?????238U - ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????
?????? ???? ?? ???????? - ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????
???? ???? ?? ?????
9?????? ???? ??????Benefits
- ???? 238U---239Pu ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????
232Th---233U ?? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?
?????? - ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
- ???????? ?????? ????? ThO2 ?? UO2
- ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ThO2 ???? ?? UO2
- ??????? ??????? ????? ThO2 ?? ????? ???????
?????????? ???? ?? UO2 - ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????
- ThO2 ???? ?? UO2 ???? ????? ?? ??? ? ???? ????
????? ???
10?????? ???? ??????Benefits
- ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????
????????? - ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???(???? ???? ???
???? ??). - ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? 232Th---233U
- ????? ???? ?????????? Np? Am? Cm(Minor Actinides)
?? ???? 232Th---233U ???? ?? 238U---239Pu
11????? ???? ??????Challenges
- ???? ??????? ( ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???)
- ???? ???? ???? ??? ThO2
- ??? ??? ????? ThO2 ?? ????? ????
- ???? ???? ThO2 ???? ?? UO2 ? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??
???? ?????? - ???? ?? ?? HF ????? ???
- ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???
- ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???.
12????? ???? ??????Challenges
- ????? ?? 233U ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??
???? ???? - 232Th------?231Th---?231Pa232U
- ????? ??? refabrication ? recycling ????? ?? ???
232U ? ?????? ?? ????? 208Tl ? ???? ???? ?? ???? - ????? ????? ?? ????? 233U ?? 232Th
233Pa - ????? ????? ?? ???? 238U239Pu
239Np - 233Pa ---? T1/227 days
- 239Np ---?T1/22.35days
- ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????
(????? ?? ??? ?????)
n,2n
13????? ???? ??????Challenges
- ????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??
?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ? ???? ??? ??
??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????
???? ????.
14?????????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????????
- ???? ????? ( 232Th233U ) ???? ??????? ?? ????
????????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???? LWR? PHWR?
HTGR? MSBR ? LMFBR - ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????
????? ?... ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? - ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?
?????? ?????? ??? ??????????.
15????? Thorium
Fueled Reactors
- HTGR (Helium Gas-Cooled Reactor)
- ???? ????? ???
- Uranium and
- Thorium Carbide
- ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???
- ?????? ??? ????? ?
- ????? ??? ?????
- ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????
?????? - ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????
- ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???
??????? ?? ???? - ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???
Coated fuel particle
16????? Thorium
Fueled Reactors
- Water Cooled Reactors
- ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????
- ?? ???? ??? Zircaloy
- ?? ThO2 ? (Th,U)O2
- ?????? ?????? ?? ??? (LWBR) ?????? ????? ?? ????
MW(e)60? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????
???? ???? ?????? (Breeding ratiogt1)
Goodbye plutonium? The outer layer of Thorium
Power's fuel pack contains uranium, thorium, and
other metals. The inner layer contains higly
toxic plutonium.
17????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????
?? ????Thorium Utilization in different
experimental and power reactors
18????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????
?? ????Thorium Utilization in different
experimental and power reactors
19????? ? ????? RD
- ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????
???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
???????? ?? ????? ???. - ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????
?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???.
20?????
References
- Thorium fuel cycle Potential benefits and
challenges-------International Atomic Energy
Agency-May 2005. - Uranium Industry Annual 1996--Energy Information
Administration Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric
and Alternate Fuels--U.S. Department of
Energy--Washington, DC 20585-April 1997. - http//nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/ ----- This is an
Internet Periodic Table.