First Aid

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First Aid

• First aid is the immediate care given to a person
  who has been injured or suddenly becomes ill.
• Being skilled in first aid procedures can help
  you
• Take safe actions to reduce your risk of illness
  or injury
• Prepare to respond in an emergency

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Consent

• Actual consent- oral or written permission from a
  mentally competent adult
• Implied consent- unspoken understanding that
  first aid may be given if no one can give actual
  consent is conscious or present

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Check, Call, Care

• 1. Check the scene.
• Is there anything dangerous or life-threatening
  to me or others involved?
• How many people are involved?
• 2. Call for help.
• Call 911
• Remain calm, speak clearly, describe exact
  location of the emergency, listen carefully

• 3. Care for injured victims.
• Care for the most injured victim first.
• Do not give any First Aid that you are not
  trained in. (Esp. CPR)

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Head Injuries

• With a head injury always suspect neck injury as
  well. Do NOT move or twist the spine or neck.
• Have victim rest, lying flat. Keep victim quiet
  and warm.
• If the victim starts to vomit, turn the head and
  body to one side, keeping the head and back in a
  straight line with the trunk.
• Watch victim closely. Do not leave the victim
  alone.

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Head injuries continued

1. If any of these symptoms are present call 911
   unconscious, seizure, neck pain, victim cannot
   respond to commands, victim is unable to move or
   feel arms or legs, blood is freely flowing from
   head, victim is sleepy or confused.
2. Check for breathing. CPR may need to be given.

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Neck and Back Injuries

• If the victim walks to you with neck/back injury
• Have victim lie down on his/her back.
• Support head by holding it in face forward
  position.
• TRY NOT TO MOVE HEAD OR NECK
• Do not move victim.
• Call 911

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Bleeding

1. Cover wound with clean bandage or sterile
   dressing and apply direct pressure. Add more
   cloths if the blood soaks through. Do not remove
   the first piece of cloth. Do not remove any
   foreign objects that are deep in the wound.
2. Raise wounded body part above level of heart.

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Bleeding continued

• Cover the cloth with a roller or sterile dressing
  with a roller bandage.
• If bleeding doesnt stop, continue to apply
  direct pressure, add pressure to pressure point
• Wear gloves! Do not touch mouth, eyes, or nose
  while caring for victim! Wash hands after care is
  given!

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Broken Bone

• Signs pain, swelling, loss of movement,
  deformity
• Treat for bleeding and shock.
• Keep injured part from moving. Use a splint when
  appropriate. Keep a victim with a head injury
  still
• Apply ice to the break to prevent swelling.
• Follow universal precautions for bleeding.
• Get prompt medical help.

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Shock

• Shock is a dangerous change in blood flow to the
  body.
• Signs Rapid, shallow breathing cold, clammy
  skin rapid, weak pulse dizziness weakness
  fainting
• Have victim lie down. Elevate legs about 8-12
  inches above level of heart unless you suspect
  head, neck, or back injuries or broken bone in
  hips or legs. Leave victim lying flat if you are
  unsure of injuries.

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Shock continued

• Improve victims circulation.
• Keep airway open
• Perform rescue breathing if necessary.
• Perform CPR if necessary.
• Control of external bleeding.
• Help victim maintain normal body temperature.
  Cover victim with blanket if needed.
• Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink!

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Heart Attack

• Signs of a heart attack
• Chest pain or discomfort lasting more than 3-5
  minutes or that goes and comes away. Pain is not
  relieved by rest, changing position, or
  medication. Pain may spread to shoulder, arm,
  back, neck, or jaw
• Dizziness or unconsciousness
• Ache, heartburn, indigestion
• Trouble breathing. Breathing is often faster than
  normal, extreme shortness of breath
• Nausea
• Sweating or changes in skin appearance

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Heart Attack cont

1. Call 911
2. Keep victim in a comfortable position, usually
   sitting or lying down with head and chest
   elevated.
3. Loosen tight clothing especially around chest
   area.
4. Monitor pulse and respiration.
5. If no pulse, perform CPR

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Heat Related Illnesses

• Heat related illnesses are conditions that result
  from exposure to temperatures higher than normal.
• HEAT CRAMPS painful muscle spasms in the legs
  and arms due to excessive fluid loss through
  sweating.
• Have victim rest in a cool, shaded area.
• Give victim cool water to drink.
• Stretch the muscle gently.

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Heat Related Illnesses cont

• HEAT EXHAUSTION extreme tiredness due to the
  bodys inability to regulate its temperature.
  Signs include low body temperature cool, moist,
  pale or red skin nausea headache dizziness
  fast pulse weakness
• Call 911
• Have victim rest in a cool place.
• Have victim lie down and elevate feet.
• Give victim cool water to drink.
• Observe the victim for signs of heat stroke.

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Heat Related Illnesses cont

• HEAT STROKE an overheating of the body that is
  life-threatening. Signs sweating ceases, high
  body temperature, rapid pulse and respiration,
  skin is hot and dry, weakness, dizziness,
  headache, unconsciousness
• Call 911
• Have victim rest in a cool place.
• Remove heavy clothing.
• Place ice packs near the neck, armpits, and
  groin.
• Continue cooling the victim until the body
  temperature is 102 F is reached.
• Treat life-threatening emergencies.

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Cold Related Illnesses

• Cold related illnesses are conditions that result
  from exposure to low temperatures.
• FROSTBITE is the freezing of body parts such as
  fingers, toes, ears, nose, etc. Signs numbness,
  waxy appearance of skin, skin discolored, cold
  skin.
• Do attempt to rewarm if a medical facility is
  nearby. Take the following steps if medical help
  is not available.
• Remove any clothing or jewelry that interferes
  with circulation.
• Handle the affected area gently.

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Cold Related Illnesses cont

1. Soak the affected area in water that is between
   100 and 105 degrees. Rewarming usually takes 25
   to 40 minutes, until the tissues are soft.
2. Apply warm, moist clothes to warm the ears, nose,
   or face.
3. Do not rub the affected area.
4. Do not allow the victim to walk on frostbitten
   toes or feet, even after rewarming.
5. Slightly elevate the affected area.
6. Place dry, sterile gauze between toes and fingers
   to absorb moisture and avoid having them stick.

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Cold Related Illnesses cont

• HYPOTHERMIA reduction of the body temperature so
  that it is lower than normal. Signs shiver, feel
  cold, slower pulse, irregular pulse,
  unconsciousness
• Call 911
• Get the victim into a warm environment
• Handle the victim gently
• Remove any wet clothing, and replace it with dry
  clothing.
• Place something warm above and below the victim,
  such as blankets.
• Cover the victims head.

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Cold Related Illnesses cont

• For mild hypothermia (body temp above 90
  degrees)
• Warm the victim. Use an electrical blanket or tub
  of water no more than 105 degrees. Keep the
  victims legs and arms out of the water. Do not
  cover arms and legs with electric blanket.
• Place hot packs on victims head, neck, chest,
  and groin. Be careful not to burn the victim.

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Cold Related Illnesses cont

• For profound hypothermia (body temp is below 90
  degrees)
• Do not rewarm a victim who can be transported to
  a medical facility within 12 hours.
• Calm the victim.
• Move the victim as little as possible.
• Do not give CPR unless they arent breathing.

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Choking
What to do if YOU are choking

1. Get the attention of someone around you. Use the
   universal distress signal.
2. Give yourself abdominal thrust if no one can help
   you. Make a fist with one hand and grab the fist
   with your other hand. Give yourself five quick
   abdominal thrusts. Apply pressure inward and
   push up toward your diaphragm in one smooth
   movement. Repeat until the object is dislodged.

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Choking continued...
If an adult or older child is conscious and
choking

• Ask victim if (s)he is choking. Do not do
  anything if victim can speak or cough easily.
  Encourage the victim to continue coughing.
• If victim cannot speak, breathe, or cough...
• Using the heel of your hand, give five back blows
  between the person's shoulder blades
• Stand behind victim and wrap your hand around
  victims waist. Make a fist with one hand. Place
  thumb side of fist into victims abdomen above
  navel and below rib cage. Grab your fist with
  other hand.

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Choking continued...

• Give five quick abdominal thrusts. Apply
  pressure inward and push up toward victims
  diaphragm in one smooth movement. Repeat the
  cycle of five back blows and five abdominal
  thrust until object is dislodged.
• The victim might need CPR after the object is
  dislodged.
• Stay with victim and watch for breathing
  difficulties.

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Poisons/Overdose
Poisoning can happen when a person swallows a
poison, breathes a poison, injects a poison, has
poison on the skin that is absorbed into the
body. Signs difficulty breathing, nausea,
vomiting, chest and abdominal pain, sweating,
seizures, skin rashes, and burns on lips or tongue

• Be cautious. Protect your health and safety. Do
  not risk injury.
• Move the victim to a safe location if necessary.
• Treat the victim for life-threatening
  emergencies.
• Keep victims airway open. Perform CPR if
  necessary.

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Poison continued...

• Gather information about cause of poisoning.
  Determine the type of poison. Ask the victim
  what the type of poison might be. Be on the
  lookout for empty bottles and containers or
  needles. Try to determine how much poison has
  been taken and when. Recognize fumes and odors
  that might be the cause. Be alert to the
  environment. Are there bees, snakes, or
  poisonous plants in the area?
• A poison control center can help as well.
• 1-800-222-1222

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Allergic Reactions

• Signs of allergic reaction hives all over body,
  weakness, seizures, dizziness, loss of
  consciousness, difficulty breathing, flushed
  face, paleness, confusion, blueness around eyes
  and mouth, drooling
• Call 911
• Give victim medication if he/she requires it. Ex
  EpiPen

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Allergic Reactions cont

1. Have victim lie on his/her back with legs
   elevated above level of the heart.
2. Loosen tight clothing. Give victim a blanket. Do
   not give the victim anything to eat or drink.
3. If there is vomiting or bleeding, turn the person
   on his/her side to prevent choking.
4. Give CPR if necessary.

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Seizures

• Seizures can be caused by epilepsy, overdose of
  poisons, drugs, alcohol, or head injury.
• Symptoms convulsions, stiffening and jerking of
  the body, twitching, loss of bladder control,
  spaced out look
• Place victim on floor.
• Do not restrain movements if convulsing.
• Do not place anything between the teeth or give
  anything by mouth.

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Seizures cont

1. Observe details such as duration, movements,
   behavior, body parts involved and report to
   medical services/guardians/victim.
2. If the victim has a seizures lasting longer than
   5 minutes, one following another, and/or has
   seizure without a history of seizures call 911.

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Burns
First Degree Burn affects top layer of skin

1. Stop the burning. Get victim out of sun. Put
   out flames that are burning clothes or skin.
2. Cool burned area with water as soon as possible.
   Use sheets or towels soaked in cold water to cool
   a burn on face or other areas that cannot be
   soaked. Continue to soak with cool water.
3. Wear disposable gloves. Loosely bandage area
   with dry, sterile dressing.
4. Place cotton or gauze between fingers and toes.

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Burns continued...
Second-degree burn affects top layers of skin

1. Stop the burning. Remove victim from source of
   burn.
2. Cool burned area with cool water or cold cloths.
   Keep cover loose. This helps prevent infection
   and reduces pain. Do not break blisters or
   remove tissue.
3. Raise the burned area above level of heart.
4. Cover victim with clean, dry sheets if burns
   cover large parts of the body. Treat for shock.

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Burns continued...
Third-Degree Burn affects all layers of skin and
some underlying tissue

1. Treat for shock.
2. Check immediately if victim is breathing. Give
   CPR is necessary. Do not open blisters or remove
   pieces of tissue. Do not apply cold cloths or
   cool water.
3. Cover the burned area with a dry, sterile
   bandage, clean cloth, or sheet.

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