Vertebrate Animals

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Vertebrate Animals
Highlight what is BOLD/UNDERLINED

• DOMAIN- Eukarya
• KINGDOM- Animalia
• PHYLUM- Chordata
• SUBPHYLUM- Vertebrata
• CLASS- 7 different
• ORDERS- 10 Placental mammals

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Phylum Chordata

• Recall that vertebrates are chordates.
• Phylum Chordata includes the lancelets and
  tunicates (invertebrate chordates) as well as the
  vertebrates
• All chordates have

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Characteristics of all Vertebrates

• Endoskeleton with a backbone for support of a
  dorsal nerve cord muscle attachment
• Distinct skull/cephalization
• Bilateral symmetry
• 2 pairs of jointed appendages
• Coelom
• Closed circulatory system chambered heart

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Vertebrate Evolution
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• Major Groups of Vertebrates
• Fish aquatic tetrapods with scales, gills, 2
  chambered hearts
• Agnathans jawless fishes hagfish and lampreys
• Chondrichthyes cartilagenous fish - sharks
  rays
• Osteichthyes bony fish mahi-mahi, tilapia,
  halibut, puffer fish, tetras, guppies
• Amphibians semiaquatic tetrapods with split
  lives 3-chambered hearts
• Anura tailless ones frogs toads
• Urodela tailed ones salamanders newts
• Apoda legless ones - caecilians
• Reptiles terrestrial amniote tetrapods with
  scales lungs 3-ish to 4 chambered hearts
• Squamata lizards and snakes
• Testudines turtles tortoises
• Crocodilia alligators, crocodiles, and related
  species

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• Birds terrestrial amniote tetrapods with
  feathers lungs 4 chambered hearts
• Ratites ostriches, emus, kiwis
• Passeriformes perching birds jays, sparrows,
  crows, etc.
• Aquatic birds ducks, swans, geese
• Raptors eagles, falcons, hawks
• Penguins
• Mammals terrestrial amniote tetrapods with
  lungs, hair and mammary glands 4 chambered
  hearts
• Monotremes echidna and platypus
• Marsupials koala, kangaroo, opossom
• Placentals humans, bears, tigers, giraffes,
  deer, pigs, dogs, cats, raccoons, squirrels,
  whales, walruses, manatees, etc

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Fish Vocabulary

• Gill respiratory structure that uses
  countercurrent exchange to extract oxygen from
  water
• Operculum gill covering in bony fish
• Lateral line - a row of microscopic organs
  sensitive to pressure changes, can detect low
  frequency vibrations.
• Swim bladder internal, air-filled sac that acts
  as an organ for buoyancy in bony fish sharks
  have oils in their livers to help them remain
  buoyant
• Scale small, platelike structure covering an
  organism (or parts of an organism) sharks, fish,
  reptiles, and birds all have different types of
  scales
• Fin paired appendage found on fish used for
  locomotion and steering
• Reproduction
• External fertilization release of gametes to
  the environment where fertilization takes place
  bony fish
• Internal fertilization deposition of sperm in
  the female reproductive tract where fertilization
  takes place sharks
• Hermaphrodite some organisms are capable of
  producing both male and female gametes few are
  capable of self-fertilization most exchange
  sperm evolutionary adaptation for solitary and
  slow-moving or sessile organisms
• Ovoviviparous eggs are fertilized inside the
  parent and hatch inside the parent and are born
  live
• Oviparous eggs are laid in a nest or in the
  ground and hatch
• Viviparous internal fertilization with live
  born young (as soon as the egg is fertilized, it
  becomes an embryo and develops as a fetus).

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Class Agnatha

• Hagfish and lampreys
• Jawless finless
• Skeleton of cartilage
• Reproduce sexually
• Gills
• 2 Chambered Heart
• Oviparous

Hagfish a detritivore
Lamprey an ectoparasite
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Evolution of Gnathostomes the jawed fishes
Gills are supported by cartilage or bone. Some
of these gill supports became other structures,
including the jaws and inner ear bones of other
vertebrates.
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Class Chondrichthyes sharks and rays

• Endoskeleton made of cartilage
• Paired fins
• Jaws
• 2 chambered heart
• Well-developed sense of sight and smell
• Lateral line system (for sensing pressure changes
  vibrations - in water) whole body acts as an
  ear
• unique scales teeth may be modified scales
• Oviparous, ovoviviparous, and a few are
  viviparous
• Internal fertilization using claspers to deposit
  sperm in female reproductive tract

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Sharks have a unique digestive structure called
spiral valve that increases surface area
Can detect electrical fields of living organisms
with special pores in their skin (not the same as
the lateral line system which they also have)
Sharks some rays are carnivores Rays (and the
largest sharks) are suspension feeders
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Class Osteichthyes

• Tuna, perch, bass, clown fish, eels, seahorses,
  goldfish, catfish, etc.
• One of the most successful groups on Earth
  ever!
• Endoskeleton made of bones
• Swim bladder
• Usually, external fertilization oviparous
  (think caviar)
• Lateral line system
• Scales different from those in sharks
• 2 chambered heart (all fish!)
• Water balance important some fish excrete salt
  through their gills, others very watery
  nitrogenous waste using kidneys

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Three main groups of Osteichthyes bony fish
Above internal anatomy of a ray-finned fish
left - photo of a lobe-finned fish right photo
of a lungfish
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Aquatic tetrapods gave rise to the first
amphibians, who probably came on land in search
of food (abundant plant and arthropod species in
Devonian)
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Amphibian Vocabulary Ectotherm organism that
must gain (or lose) heat from the environment to
maintain body temperature metabolism is NOT
sufficient to heat the body most invertebrates,
fish, amphibians, reptiles Endotherm organism
that maintains a stable body temperature through
metabolism few reptiles, most birds and mammals,
insects Metamorphosis change from a sexually
immature stage to a sexually mature stage in the
life cycle involves change in body structure and
niche ex) tadpoles are herbivorous, aquatic
larvae with gills and no limbs that change into
carnivorous, terrestrial adult frogs with lungs
and 4 limbs Tetrapod vertebrate with 4 limbs
located in pectoral and pelvic girdles Lungs
internal respiratory organs that exchange gases
across a membrane surface, usually in conjunction
with the circulatory system Cloaca common
opening to the outside of the body through which
fecal material, nitrogenous waste and gametes
pass common to amphibians, reptiles, and birds
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Class Amphibia

• Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts
• Ectotherms
• Need H2O for breeding
• Metamorphosis (tadpole ? frog)
• Gas exchange through moist skin mouth/primitive
  balloon-like lungs
• External fertilization
• Oviparous
• 3-chambered heart
• Many have chromatophores in the skin for
  coloration, as well as poison glands for defense
• Nitrogenous waste varies aquatic habitat
  dilute urine terrestrial, concentrated urine

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3 major groups of amphibians
Anura frogs toads tailless
Apoda caecilians legless
Urodela salamanders newts
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Reptile Vocabulary Amniotic egg adaptation to
terrestrial life that results in a water-proof
egg with extra-embryonic membranes that aid in
the vital functions of a living organism Extinct
all members of a species have died ex)
pterosaurs Extant members of a species are
still alive Bask behavioral adaptation of
ectotherms to increase body heat involves moving
to locations where more radiant energy (such as
from the sun or warm rocks) is available for
absorption
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Amniotic egg in reptiles - note leathery shell
characteristic of reptilian eggs
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Class Reptilia

• turtles, snakes lizards, crocodiles
• Ectotherms bask and hide to regulate
  temperature
• Scaly, waterproof skin
• Respire through lungs only
• Internal fertilization
• Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous (depending
  on species)
• 3 or 4 chambered heart
• Nitrogenous waste is a paste rather than a liquid
  for water conservation uric acid
• Extinct reptiles include dinosaurs and
  pterosaurs, which dominated the Earth during the
  Triassic period

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Major extant groups of reptiles

• Squamata snakes lizards
• both snakes and lizards shed their skin as they
  grow
• Loss of legs is unique to snakes within the
  reptiles remnants of pelvic girdles present in
  boas, as are external claws on the abdomen
• many have unique adaptations for life as
  predators
• Jacobsons organ when a snake flicks its tongue
  it is collecting molecules that are then brought
  in to Jacobsons organ for processing kind of
  a combined sense of taste and smell
• Pits many snakes have heat sensory organs on
  their head that gives an IR picture of an
  organism, decreasing dependency on vision
• Hollow fangs with or without poison glands for
  capturing, holding, and killing prey
• Muscles the length of the body allow it to move
  quickly and many use those muscles for
  immobilizing and strangling prey

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Major extant groups of reptiles (contd)

• Testudines turtles and tortoises
• Some are herbivorous, but most are carnivorous
• Lay eggs on land (oviparous)
• Cloaca is secondary respiratory surface in
  aquatic species
• Shell is part of the body, connected to muscle
  and intimately intertwined with the skeleton

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Major extant groups of reptiles (contd)
gharial
crocodiles

• Crocodilia alligators and crocodiles (caiman,
  and other related species)
• Adapted for aquatic life with upturned nostrils
  and eyes on top of head
• endothermic
• 4-chambered heart
• Related to feathered reptiles

American alligator
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Bird Vocabulary Feather modified scale used for
flight and insulation (contour and down) Keel
sternum modified for flight muscle
attachment Ratite flightless birds Beak
adaptation to the diet of a bird cranial
structure used for feeding and defense Air sac
pocket attached to the lungs that aid the bird in
maintaining constant air flow into the lungs,
allowing for flight at high altitudes and greater
muscle use Preen gland - gland located on the
base of the tail, especially in aquatic birds,
that produces oil for waterproofing the
feathers Crop portion of esophagus used for
temporary storage of food Gizzard chamber of
the stomach for grinding food
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Birds are reptiles
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Class Aves

• Birds
• Endothermic
• 4 chambered heart
• Internal fertilization
• Oviparous
• Amniotic eggs with calcerous, hard shells
• Cloaca
• Nitrogenous waste paste-like for water
  conservation uric acid
• Beaks and claws modified for specific niche
• Classified as reptiles by many taxonomists
• Digestive system modified for diet, including
  crop gizzard

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• Many modifications for flight
• Only organism with feathers (modified scales) for
  flight and insulation
• Evolutionarily may have began as courtship or
  defensive displays (behavioral adaptation, rather
  than for flight)
• Hollow bones - make bird lightweight
• Front limbs modified into wings
• Air sacs to aid in breathing at high altitudes
• Unique muscle tissue for sustained, intense use
• Keel modified breastbone for muscle attachment
• Birds migrate move long distances on a seasonal
  cycle to reach mating and/or feeding grounds

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• 8600 species of birds in 28 orders
• Flightless birds called ratites emu, ostrich,
  kiwi
• Penguins have wings modified for swimming
• Aquatic birds have preen gland to keep their
  feathers from becoming saturated, impeding flight
• Most birds are passeriformes perching birds,
  including jays, swallows, sparrows, and warblers
  (see pp. 790 91 in your text for more groups of
  birds)

Bird courtship and mating behaviors are an
evolutionary adaptation unique to each species
Many other groups of birds, including birds of
prey, marine birds, seed eaters, woodpeckers,
hummingbirds, etc
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Mammal Vocabulary Mammary gland gland adapted
to produce protein and fat rich nutrition for
offspring during early development Hair
keratinous growth for insulation, camouflage, and
display made of same material as reptilian
scales and bird feathers Fat layer of
connective tissue for insulation and padding
energy reserve Diaphragm sheet of muscle
separating thoracic and abdominal cavities used
in respiration Monotreme mammal that lays
eggs Marsupial mammal with young that finish
developing in a pouch Marsupium pouch in a
marsupial Placental mammal whose young develop
in a uterus attached to a placenta Uterus
muscular organ that houses the fetus until
birth Placenta extraembryonic tissues that
develop as a connection between the circulatory
system of the mother and that of the developing
fetus Dentition tooth pattern varies with
diet ex) reptilian dentition is
characteristically uniform conical teeth for
capturing prey, mammalian dentition varies
significantly (carnivores, herbivores,
insectivores, baleen, omnivores)
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Class Mammalia

• Humans, bears, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, whales,
  elephants, mice, koalas, platypus
• Endothermic hair and layer of fat aid in
  conserving heat
• Hair keratinous protein that aids in insulation
  
• Mammary glands produce milk to feed offspring
• Internal fertilization
• 2 species of monotreme oviparous
• Marsupials and placentals are viviparous
• Diaphragm for increased respiration spongy
  lungs for increased surface area
• 4-chambered heart
• Dentition jaw structure reflect diet
• Inner ear contains 3 bones for improved hearing
• Large brain learn Extended parental care
• Most effective kidney for water conservation
  urea

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Evolutionary advances in jaw structure,
dentition, and inner ear structure from reptile
to mammal
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3 categories of mammals
1. Monotremes - mammals that lay eggs, have
hair, and produce milk with mammary glands -
mother produces milk which is excreted from
glands on the abdomen and the babies lap up the
milk or suck it off the fur of the mother Echidna
and platypus
Platypus has a cartilaginous bill used to find
food on the bottom of a pond or river. Males have
poisonous spurs on their hind feet for
defense Platypi store fat in their beaver-like
tails
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• Marsupials
• - embryo develops in a uterus with a placenta
• Immature fetus is born into a pouch called a
  marsupium.
• Young develop in marsupium, attached to a teat,
  until much more mature.
• All marsupials live in Australia with the
  exception of the opossum, which can be found in
  the Americas.

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Interesting Evolutionary Note Marsupials and
placentals show parallel evolution
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• Placentals
• Placental mammals develop in a uterus attached to
  a placenta until at a comparably advanced stage
  of development
• Widespread on earth found in every major biome,
  including marine, arctic, and tundra.
• Many orders of placental mammals. 10 discussed
  as follows

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Orders of Placental Mammals

• Rodentia- razor sharp teeth (rats, squirrels)
• Lagomorpha- fused hind leg bones (rabbits)
• Chiroptera- flying mammals (bats)
• Carnivora- eat meat (lions, tigers, wolves)
• Cetacea- Blow holes to breathe (dolphins, whales)
• Insectivora- eat insects (moles, shrews,
  hedgehog)
• Artiodactyla- even of toes (cows, sheep, goat,
  pigs, hippos, camels)
• Perissodactyla- odd of toes (horse, zebra,
  rhino)
• Proboscidea- trunks (elephants)
• Primates- opposable thumbs (apes, monkeys,
  humans)

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Order Primates Prosimians lorises, lemurs,
tarsiers
Monkeys New World Old World
Prehensile tails
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Apes Humans
Gibbon Orangutan Gorilla Chimpanzee