Chapter 4

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Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities
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4-1 The Role of Climate

• In the atmosphere, temperature, precipitation,
  and other environmental factors combine to
  produce weather and climate.
• - weather is the day-to-day conditions
• - climate is the average year-to-year conditions
  in a region

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• The Greenhouse Effect - Carbon dioxide, methane,
  water vapor, and a few other atmospheric gases
  trap heat energy and maintain Earths temperature
  range.
• - greenhouse effect is the natural situation in
  which heat is retained by
• the layers of greenhouse gases

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• Latitude- Earth is a sphere tilted on its axis
  and receives sunlight at different angles
  throughout the year
• -Three main climate zones polar, temperate, and
  tropical
• Heat is transferred around Earth by winds and
  ocean currents

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4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

• Ecosystems are influenced by a biological and
  physical factors.
• - biotic factors biological influences
• - abiotic factors physical, nonliving factors
• - habitat the area in which an organism lives
  biotic and abiotic factors an organisms address

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Niche

• Niche full range of physical and biological
  conditions and interactions organisms occupation

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• Community interactions
• - competition struggle for resources water,
  nutrients, light, food, space
• - predation predator catches and feeds off of
  prey

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• - symbiosis living together
• - mutualism both species benefit flowers and
  insects ants and aphids

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• - commensalism one member benefits and other is
  neither benefited or harmed barnacles and
  whales orchids and tree

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• - parasitism parasite lives on or in a host
  which generally weakens the host tapeworms and
  mammals fleas, ticks and mites and mammals

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• Ecological succession predictable changes over
  time
• - primary succession occurs on new surfaces
• - secondary succession occurs after natural
  events like fires
• - aquatic succession 1. whale dies scavengers
  2. nutrients decompose and support marine worms
  3. oil in bones eaten by bacteria

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Succession
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Major Land Biomes
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Tropical Rain Forest

• tall trees from canopy over the understory hot
  and wet year-round nutrient-poor soil

Boa constrictor
Black Jaguar
Sloth
Jaguar
Orchids
Toucan
Tapir
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Tropical Dry Forest

• deciduous trees generally warm, alternating
  dry and wet seasons rich soil

Toucan
Elephants
Spot billed pelican
Bromeliads
Monitor lizard
Tiger
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Tropical Savanna

• cover grasses and shrubs that are
  fire-resistant warm temps seasonal rainfall

Giraffe
Storks
Aardvark
Hyena
Lion
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Desert
Kangaroo rat

• less than 25 cm per year hot cold temps
  mineral-rich soil

Roadrunner
Mule deer
Mountain lion
Desert big horned sheep
Golden eagle
Creosote bush
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Temperate Grassland
Pronghorn antelope

• warm to hot summer, cold winter moderate
  precipitation fertile soil

Polecat
Coyotes
Black-tailed prairie dog
Bison
sunflowers
Blazing stars
Badgers
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Temperate Woodland and Shrubland
Squirrel

• hot, dry summers cool, moist winter,
  nutrient-poor soil, periodic fires

Fox
Black-tailed deer
California quail
Warbler
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Temperate Forest
Raccoon

• mix of coniferous and deciduous trees cold
  winters, warm summers year-long precipitation
  fertile soil

Skunk
Turkey
Bobcat
Black bear
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Northwestern Coniferous Forest
Douglas Fir
beaver

• abundant precipitation coniferous trees mild
  temperatures

Elk
Redwoods
Barred owl
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Boreal Forest
Spruce
Snowshoe hare

• also known as taiga long, cold winters high
  humidity

Moose
Timber wolves
Lynx
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Tundra

• permafrost is the layer of permanently frozen
  subsoil, strong winds long, cold winters and
  short, soggy summers

Artic willow
Snowy owl
Artic fox
Bearberry
Polar bear
Caribou
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Biomes Movie Part 1
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Biomes Movie Part 2