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Project scheduling

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Project scheduling is distinguished from job shop
and other related types of scheduling by the non
repetitive nature of the work. A project is
usually thought of as a one-time effort, although
this may not always be the case .

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?????? ???? ????? project scheduling ????? ???? . ????? ???? To distinguish to assess ????? ????? ??????? job shop workshop
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Similar efforts may have been undertaken
previously, but not on a production basis. For
example, the construction of a building, a
highway, or a ship might be thought of as typical
projects

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In addition, periodic maintenance operations,
administration of research and development
programs, installation of a new computer
facility, and the development and implementation
of a new management information system are also
activities that can be treated by project
scheduling methods.

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The essential components of a project are usually
the degree of non repetitiveness, the time frame
, and the magnitude of costs involved.A number
of techniques have been developed to assist in
planning , scheduling , and control of projects.

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The most popular methods are the critial path
method (cpm)and the program evaluation and review
technique(PERT). These techniques decompose the
project into a number of activities , represent
the precedence relationships among activities
through a network, and then determine a critical
or bottleneck path through the network.

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?????? ????????critical bottleneck ??????? evaluation assess ??????? review consider ?? technique method ????? ????? compose decompose break combine ???????? precedence prior to ???? path route
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(CPM) and (PERT) differ primarily in their
treatment of uncertainty in activity time
estimates.

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The Critical Path Method(CPM)

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CPM was develop for E.I. dupont de nemours in1957
and was first applied to construction and
maintenance of chemical plants. Since then the
use of CPM has been grown at a rapid rate.

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??????? plant factory ???? rapid fast ??? ???? grew increased ???? ???? apply use
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There are numerous articles in trade and
professional journals reporting both applications
and methodological developments and many computer
programs to performs the calculation, have been
developed .

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The critical path method starts with construction
of a network or arrow diagram that represents the
precedence relationships among activities in the
project . Network construction is a planning
function and is the most difficult aspect of CPM
.

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  ? ????????? ?????? CPM ???.

??????? ??? construction making ???? ???? represent indicate ????? ????? relationships connections ???? ????? precedence priority ???? aspect characteristic
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It involves detailed analysis especially for
large project . The benefits of this effort may
be considerable as it will produce a clear
understanding of what must be accomplished . In
fact the logical statement of the project
obtained from the network model may be the
greatest benefit of CPM.

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  ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? CPM ????.

?????? especially specifical ????? ??? accomplished conducted ????? logical reasonable ???? ????? statement report ????? ???? obtained provided
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Suppose a project consisted of the activities,
time durations and precedence relationships
shown in figure 5-8a. the network representation
of this project is shown in figure5-8b.

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  ? ????? ???? ?? ??? a8-5 ???? ???? ??? ???. ?????
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??? ???? duration period ???? ??? ????? ??? to consist to involve ??? ????? figure picture
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The arcs in this network represent activities and
the nodes represent events. An event is simply a
point marking the end of one activity and the
start of a new group of activities . The number
along the arc represents the duration of that
activity .

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?????? event incident ??? node nodule ???? ????? to mark label ???? arc arrow
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This is the activities-on-arcs or (AOA) system
of network representation . There is another
possible approach in which the activities are
graphically represented by the nodes and the
arrows represent only the precedence
relationships .

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This is activities-on-nodes (AON) system is not
widely used although it often simplifies network
construction . The primary disadvantage of the
AON system is that few CPM computer programs
accept it and hand calculations under AON are
slightly more difficult.

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  ????????? CPM ??? ?? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ????
  ??? AON ????? ???? ?? ???.

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  widely

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• __________________________________________________
  ___________
• ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????

1. ????? ?????
   resource assignment resource allocation
2. ?????? ???? ????? time cost trade off
   
   
3. ????? ????? resource leveling
   
   
4. ?????? ???? project construction
   
   
5. ?????? ?????
   management
   project
6. ?????? ??????? ?????
   procurement
   management
7. ?????? ???????? ?????
   project consolidation project
   integration
8. ???? ?? ???? ?????
   
   project scheduling
9. ???? ???? ????? Project execution P .
   Implementation
   

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5-8a Activities in the project.

• Activity duration
  immediate predecessor
• -------------------------------------------------
  -----------------------------( 1,2 )
  4
  __
• ( 2,4 ) 7
  (1,2)
• ( 2,3 ) 8
  (1,2)
• ( 2,5 ) 6
  (1,2)
• ( 4,6 ) 15
  (2,4) (2,3)
• ( 3,5 ) 9
  (2,3)
• ( 5,6 ) 12
  (2,5) (3,5)
• ( 6,7 ) 8
  (4,6) (5,6)

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5-8b project network.
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The end

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