MODERN GENETICS

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MODERN GENETICS
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What is Cloning?

• Making an exact genetic copy of a cell, organ or
  an organism
• This process uses SOMATIC CELLS (non-sex cells)
  instead of sex cells because somatic cells
  contain a complete set of chromosomes (46).

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Basics of the Cloning ProcedureSomatic Cell
Nuclear Transfer

• This happens in vitro (outside the body).
• The nucleus of a somatic cell is placed inside an
  egg cell that has had its nucleus removed.
• Electricity sparks cell division of the egg cell
  and an embryo is formed.

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Basics of the Cloning Procedure

• An embryo is the form of the organism in its
  early stages. It is a group of undifferentiated
  cells.
• The embryo is placed in the uterus of the egg
  donor or surrogate mother.
• A surrogate mother is a female who carries the
  baby for another female.

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Lets Draw the Cloning Process!
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HISTORY OF CLONING

• 1953 frog
• 1996 sheep
• 1998 cow
• 2001 rabbit
• 2002 rat
• 2002 cat
• 2003 horse
• 2005 dog

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Cloning does not always produce expected results.
It is also expensive and inefficient!

• CC the cat cost 50,000 to create. Her genetics
  were the same as her clone, however she did not
  appear identical! Why?
• Horse- 841 attempts .12 efficiency
• Sheep- 277 attempts .36 efficiency

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Rainbow- Parent Clone
CC- Copy Cat
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Cloning Pros/Cons

• Pros

• Cons

• Can clone organs for transplant patients.
• Can help infertile couples have offspring
  genetically linked to one of the parents.
• Can increase populations of endangered species.
• Can bring back a deceased pet.
• Can replicate living things with desirable
  traits- like trees that grow quickly.

• Does not help to improve the genetic diversity of
  a species.
• Could create a black market for transplant
  organs-Create clones to harvest organs!
• Expensive and inefficient!

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STEM CELL RESEARCH

• What is a stem cell?
• A cell that is not yet differentiated into a
  specific type.
• Whats so special about embryonic stem cells?
• They are Pluripotent
• can become any of the 220 different cell types

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Why is the use of embryonic stem cells so
controversial?

• Removing a stem cell from an embryo for
  experimentation destroys the embryo.
• Is this murder?
• When does life begin?
• Read and discuss Embryos R Us Case Study

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Therapeutic potential

• Turn the stem cells into
• Pancreas cells to produce insulin to relieve
  diabetes
• Dopamine producing cells in the brain to relieve
  Parkinsons disease
• New limbs and failing organs

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Is it controversial to experiment on all stem
cells?

• In addition to embryonic stem cells, there are
  adult stem cells.
• Adult stem cells are found in many organs and
  tissues, including brain, bone marrow, blood and
  skin.
• These stem cells are multipotent which means they
  can only become a certain type of cell(s) .
• Their purpose is to maintain and repair the
  tissue in which they are found.

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Is it controversial to experiment on all stem
cells?

• Experimenting with adult stem cells is not
  controversial because it does not harm the adult
  if the cells are removed from the body.
• There has been some exciting recent research that
  has demonstrated the ability to turn adult stem
  cells into embryo-like stem cells. These are
  called induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs).

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Genetic Engineering

• gene- DNA sequence that codes for a protein.
• AATCGTAACCGGTTA
• genome -all the possible bases in a species or
  individual
• Human Genome Project (1990-2003) - All of the
  base pairs in the human genome have been
  sequenced (locations of genes on the 23
  chromosomes have been determined). The human
  genome has approximately 20, 500 genes.

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What is Genetic Engineering?

• The modification of the DNA in an organism or the
  exchange of DNA between organisms.
• Why would we want to do this?
• Genetic engineering can happen between different
  species because the DNA code is universal. All
  living things have ACGT nucleotides and the same
  amino acid coding scheme.
• AUG codes for methionine in all living things!

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Steps to Genetic Engineering

• 1. A gene of interest is removed from a genome.
• 2. The gene is attached to a vector
  (transporter) and delivered into a host cell
• 3. The host cell is put into a nutrient medium
  and allowed to divide many times to create many
  copies of the gene.
• 4. The host cell is inserted into the organism.

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How is a gene removed from a genome?

• Restriction enzymes- recognize a specific DNA
  sequence and cut the DNA wherever that sequence
  exists.

ATCGGATGAATTCTACCGATTAAG TAGCCATCTTAAGATGGCTAATTC
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How is the gene of interest separated from other
genes?

• Gel electrophoresis

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Gel Elecrophoresis

• DNA samples are placed in a porous gel which is
  connected to an electric current.
• The current moves the DNA pieces and separates
  them based on their size. The smallest pieces
  move the fastest and end up at the bottom.
• We can use this technique to isolate genes,
  determine genetic relationships (paternity),
  determine evolutionary relationships, and solve
  crimes.

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What is a common vector used in genetic
engineering?

• Plasmids are circular DNA molecules found in
  bacteria that are often used for genetic
  engineering.
• The plasmid is cut with the same restriction
  enzyme used to cut out the gene of interest.
• Once the plasmid has the new gene, it is called
  recombinant DNA.

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Gene Therapy

• Humans can be genetically engineered.
• Normal genes can be inserted into cells
  containing defective genes in order to correct
  genetic disorders.

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Gene Therapy
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Paternity Testing

• If there is uncertainty about a childs
  biological father, DNA samples from the possible
  fathers can be compared with the DNA of the child
  and mother.
• All DNA samples are treated with the same
  restriction enzyme and are run on a gel by
  electrophoresis.
• A childs DNA pieces are a combination of pieces
  from the mother and father (each DNA band must
  match a band from one parent).

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DNA Fingerprinting to determine Paternity
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• Who is the father?
• Circle the smallest DNA fragment(s).
• Box the largest DNA fragment(s).

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Afather Bmother Are C and D both biological
children of A and B?
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Genetics Technology Bingo

• 1. Cloning
• 2. Induced pluripotent stem cells
• 3. Embryo
• 4. Multipotent
• 5. Surrogate
• 6. Technology
• 7. Gel electrophoresis
• 8. Plasmid
• 9. Adult stem cell
• 10. Genetic engineering
• 11. Electricity
• 12. Restriction enzyme

• 13. Gene therapy
• 14. Genome
• 15. Gene
• 16. Recombinant DNA
• 17. In vitro
• 18. Somatic cell
• 19. Somatic cell nuclear transfer
• 20. Vector
• 21. Uterus
• 22. X-inactivation
• 23. Embryonic stem cell
• 24. Pluripotent

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• Biotechnology Test Review Questions
• Easy
• Small, circular piece of bacterial DNA is called
  a ____.
• Give two examples of vectors
• The entire collection of genes within human cells
  is called the _______________.
• Difference between technology and biotechnology?
• Function of restriction enzymes?
• HGP stands for? How many base pairs in HG? How
  many proteins?
• Difference between surrogate and biological
  mother?
• A _____________ is caused by a defective or
  mutant gene.
• Define gene.
• The first cell created by sexual reproduction is
  called a

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• Medium
• 1. Inserting unrelated pieces of DNA together
  will result in ____________________.
• 2. IVF stands for? What is a synonym used for
  IVF?
• 3. What does transgenic mean?
• 4. Idenical twins are considered to be genetic
  ___________.
• 5. How does IVF work? What does the female have
  to do? What does the male have to do?
• 6. Why does IVF sometimes result in twins,
  triplets, or quads?
• 7. Difference between fraternal vs. identical
  twins?
• 8. How does Gel Electrophoresis separate DNA
  fragments?
• 9. What is an example of a genetic disease?
• 10. What kind of ethical questions arise from
  IVF?

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• Difficult
• What is the difference between gene therapy and
  genetic engineering?
• Difference between a hybrid and chimera?
• Steps of genetic engineering?
• The Hind R1 restriction enzyme is used to slice
  DNA at the GAATTC between the G and A.
  Illustrate how this enzyme would precisely cut
  the fragment
• ATTAGATCGCCCTAGAATTCAAGCTGGTAGCTAGCTACATCTA
• TAATCTAGAGGGATCTTAAGTTCGACCATCGATCGATGTAGAT
• What research can be done using gel
  electrophoresis?