Cognitive processes

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Cognitive processes
Engineering Psychology

• perception sensation attention thinking
  imagination memory creativity problem
  solving

Jakub Jura Jakub.jura_at_fs.cvut.cz http//users.fs.c
vut.cz/jura/ing-psych/
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What is Cognitive?

• From latin cognoscere getting to know
• Distinguish emotional and rational
• Descartes Cogito ergo sum.

Mental processes mediate between stimulus and
response.
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Cognitive processes

• Base Cognitive processes
• Perception
• Sensation
• Attention
• Thinking
• Imagination
• Memory
• Advanced Cognitive processes
• Creativity
• Problem solving

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Sensation

• Sensation is about sense organ and basic
  processes on this level.
• Perception is about creating whole percept.

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Sensation
Perception Percept Sence Organ
Visual Perception Image Eye
Auditive Perception Sound Ear
Gustatory Perception Taste Taste Buds
Olfactory Perception Smell Nose
Haptic Perception Touch on skin Nociceptors
Proprioception Body position Proprioceptor
Human Feromon Affection / antipathy Vomero-Nasal Organ
Magnetoception Impression of north Unknown
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Sensation Delusions
Lateral Inhibition Efect

• Machs Strips

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Negative afterimage
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Perception

• Perception is perception of diference.
• Sensuals limits
• WeberFechner law
• Gestalt law
• Multistable figures
• Invariance in perception

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WeberFechner Law

• Psychophysics
• Ernest Heinrich Weber  (17951878)
• Gustav Theodor Fechner (18011887)
• Stimulus ? Percept
• Stimulus ? Sensation ? Percept

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Experiment 1

• Dependence of sense impression on the intensity
  of stimulus

• Sound
• Light
• Procedure
• Set intensity to basic level (L)
• Increase intensity up to one degree (L1)
• Remember this degree and set intensity up to L2,
  L3, Ln

Impresion
Sensum
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WeberFechner Law

• dP k dS/S,
• P k ln (S/S0)
• ?P k (?S/S)
• P percept
• k constant
• S stimulus
• S0 lower possible stimulus

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Perception Delusionss
Which of these circles is bigger?
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Perception Delusionss

• Effect of Contrast

Lighter
Darker
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Perception Delusionss
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(No Transcript)
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Is anything here?
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Gestalt Laws

• Proximity
• We tend to group nearby objects.
• Similarity
• We tend to group objects with similar properties
• Closure
• We are so accustomed to seeing closure that we
  sometimes close things that aren't.

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Gestalt Laws

• Good Continuation
• We tend to assign objects to an entity that is
  defined by smooth lines or curves
• Pregnantz
• We tend to good shape

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Experiment 2
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Multistable perception

• Mind separate figure and backgroun.
• Unstably between two or more alternative
  interpretations.
• Since you see both, you cant see both.
• Changing may be under control only partially.

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Invariance in perception

• Objects are recognized independent of rotation,
  translation, scale, elastic deformations,
  different lighting, and different component
  features.

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Neisser's cycle of perceptionCognitive Ecology
Actual world
Object available information
Samples
Modify
Schema of environment
Exploration
Locomotion and action
Cognitive map
Directs
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Memory

• Sensory memory
• George Sperling
• (200 500 ms)
• Short-term memory
• George Miller
• 72 chunks
• Chunking process (recoding)
• Long-term memory
• Hippocampus

• Memory processes
• Imprint
• Retent
• Remember
• Recognise

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Ebbinghaus experiments
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. Co
2. Se
3. Zu
4. Ny
5. Pa
6. Dy
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8. Ke
9. Ty
10. Wa
11. Next

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Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

• R e-t/s
• R memory retention
• s relative strenght of memory
• t time

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Serial-positioning effect

• Which of the syllable you remember easily?
• Initialy
• Final
• Out of serial-positioning effect
• Meaningfull
• Related to myself
• Connected to my activity

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Memory test

• How big is capacity of you visual memory?

Redraw this figure maximaly precisely
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Imaging

• Constructive and Reconstructive processes and
  eyes movement.

• Imagine yellow elephant with red dots.
• Imagine what did you eat last evening.

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Experiment 3 - Mental rotation
F

• How many times you need to read rotated sign.

Angle
Time 1 s
Time 2
R
B
A
M
L
Q
T
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Completing square test
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Attention

• Orientation reflex
• Orientation activities
• Bourdon test
• d2 test

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Thinking

• J. P. Guilford
• Convergent production - generation of logical
  conclusions from given information, where
  emphasis is upon achieving unique or
  conventionally best outcomes. It is likely that
  given (cue) information fully determines the
  outcome as in mathematics and logic.
• Divergent production - generation of logical
  alternatives from given information, where
  emphasis is upon variety, quantity, and relevance
  of output from the same source.

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Problem Solving

• http//www.studygs.net/problem/index.htm

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• Interconect all of this 9 point by the 4 segments
  of a line non-stop.

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Creativity

• Preparation
• Incubation
• Insight
• Evaluation
• Elaboration

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E. Rossi creative phase
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Metacognition

• Thinking about thinking (exactly cognition about
  cognition)
• First-level metacognition
• Second-level metacognition