Parenthetical Citations

1
Parenthetical Citations

• in disgustingly gross detail.

2
Reminder

• We use parenthetical citations to give credit to
  the peoples thoughts we use.
• We give credit for
• direct quotes
• paraphrasing
• summarizing

3
The general, garden variety citation

• We see Scout admit that she lies to her father
  when she says, I said I could like it very much,
  which was a lie, but one must lie under certain
  circumstances (Lee 128).

4
Two things to note

• We see Scout admit that she lies to her father
  when she says, I said I could like it very much,
  which was a lie, but one must lie under certain
  circumstances (Lee 128).

• The authors name and page number appear without
  a p or comma
• we know the number is a page
• we dont need a comma, either

• Punctuation appears outside the quotation
• there are certain circumstances that require
  punctuation inside the quotation

5
Certain circumstances

• When the quotation has pertinent punctuation in
  it that change the meaning if omitted
• The older waiter in Hemingway's "A Clean,
  Well-Lighted Place" asks himself, "What did he
  fear?" (79).
• But notice, there is still a closing punctuation
  mark after the citation

6
Speaking of Hemingway

• You might have noticed that the citation didnt
  have an author in it!
• The older waiter in Hemingway's "A Clean,
  Well-Lighted Place" asks himself, "What did he
  fear?" (79).
• Thats because I already gave the author credit!
• Do you see it?

7
Trickery

• Citing the author this way (in the sentence
  itself) accomplishes two things
• it cites the author (duh)
• it varies your sentence structure automatically
  for you!
• this good writing

8
What about those pesky internet sources?

• Cite the author, forget the page number
• no pages in cyberspace
• No author? Should you really use the site?
• if no one takes credit for it, is it a credible
  site?
• If you must, cite the website

9
Internet Example (Preferable)

• If you MUST use one without an author, use the
  article title
• There is no truth to the rumor that al-Qaeda has
  poisoned the Coca-Cola supply in our country
  (Coca-Cola No Al Queda).

10
Internet example (no title?)

• There is no truth to the rumor that al-Qaeda has
  poisoned the Coca-Cola supply in our country
  (snopes.com).

• Also note that the good folks at snopes.com DO
  take credit for their work
• Their names are Barbara and David Mickelson and
  they do a nice job fact-checking

• Note
• I did not give the complete URL, only a snippet
• the complete URL goes in your reference page

11
But again,

• Try to use as few unaccredited web pages as
  humanly possible
• Source validity is a huge concern when the source
  takes no credit for their work

12
Side note

• When we do literary analyses, like the poem one
  weve already done
• do remember that characters dont talk
• authors do!

13
Multiple authors

• If more than one author wrote your article, they
  need to be cited.
• This applies to less than three authors
• less than / including three, cite them all!

14
Multiple authors example

• There has been a drastic increase in frivolous
  lawsuits in the United States in the last ten
  years (Dewey, Cheatum and Howe 45).

Note all authors credited with last name only.
15
More than three authors?

• Bust out the Latin stick!
• et al is your pal!
• et al literally translates to and others
• Cite the first author, then slap an et al after
  it!
• only applies to references with more than three
  authors!

16
Finally, the interview sources

• Cite the last name of the interviewee
• Then that it was an interview

17
Interview example

• As junior students, we were told that this paper
  is dummy proof and its impossible to do wrong
  if you try (Lesh interview).

• Note the same rules apply
• no comma
• punctuation outside of the parentheses