Unit Three: Colonial Culture and Conflict

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Unit Three Colonial Culture and Conflict

• The Intercontinental Wars

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The Intercontinental Wars

• During the Colonial period while the British
  settlers were trying to settle and adapt to their
  new environment, they not only had to fight the
  Natives but also French and Spanish armies.
• From 1689 to 1763 the Colonials were part of a
  series of Intercontinental Wars collectively
  known as the French and Indian Wars.
• The Wars were fought primarily between the French
  and British over the dominance (complete control)
  of North America.

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The Intercontinental Wars

• The Intercontinental Wars were
• 1.) King Williams War or War of the Grand
  Alliance (1689-1697)
• 2.) Queen Annes War or War of the Spanish
  Succession (1702-1713)
• 3.) King George's War or War of the Austrian
  Succession/ War of Jenkins's Ear (1744-1748)
• 4.) French and Indian War or Seven Years War
  (1754-1763)
• Each conflict was known by two names, one was its
  name in the colonies and the other was its name
  in Europe.

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King Williams War

• King Williams War started in Europe after James
  II was deposed during the Glorious Revolution
  (first peaceful transfer of power in history)
  when Parliament (British legislature) replaced
  him with William of Orange and his wife Mary.
• James II was aided by the French leader Louis IVX
  who was attacked by a Grand Alliance of European
  countries.
• The fighting spread to the Americas with the
  colonies of New France and the Dominion of New
  England going to war.

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King Williams War

• Most of the fighting during King Williams War
  and the other Intercontinental Wars were fought
  between the French and British Indian Allies.
• The Governor of New France Frontenac used the
  Algonquians to attack the Iroquois and their
  allies the British.
• In 1690 the French and Algonquians
  were going to attack Fort Orange, but instead
  attacked the village of Schenectady
  at midnight killing most of
  the people in an event known
  as the Schenectady
  Massacre.

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King Williams War

• The English Colonists then launched an attack on
  Port Royal taking it, but failed to take the
  capital of Quebec in the Battle of Quebec this
  caused the Colonists to have to fight a defensive
  war.
• In 1692 the French with the Abenaki killed most
  of the villagers in the town of York (in Maine)
  known as the Candlemas Massacre.
• The Treaty of Ryswick (1697) ended the war and
  returned everything to status quo antebellum (way
  before the war).

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Queen Annes War

• Queen Annes War started in Europe in 1701 over
  the fear of the French and Spanish combining
  their nations into one through marriage.
• In 1702 the fighting spread to America with the
  Colonials fighting a two front war with New
  France and Spanish Florida.
• The Spanish first led a naval bombardment of
  Charlestown, in return the Carolinians besieged
  St. Augustine (Siege of St. Augustine) and burned
  it to the ground with only the fort surviving.
• The Carolinians with the aid of the Creek and
  Chickasaw fought the Choctaw, Seminoles, and
  killed most the Appalachia in 1704 at the
  Massacre of the Appalachia.

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Queen Annes War

• In New England Leneuf de Beaubassin led a group
  of Canadians and Indians on raids through most of
  the territory.
• In response Massachusetts governor Joseph Dudley
  organized an expedition led by Joseph March to
  take Port Royal but failed.
• Another raid led by Francis Nicholson captured
  Port Royal which setup an attack on Quebec.

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Queen Annes War

• The Colonials, British regulars, and Iroquois
  attacked Quebec but failed to take the capital
  city.
• The British and
  French called an
  armistice (cease fire)
  and in 1713
  signed
  the Treaty of Utrecht
  ending the war with
  the British
  receiving
  Acadia renamed
  Nova Scotia (New Scotland) and
  Hudson Bay.

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King Georges War

• King Georges War started in Europe over the
  succession of Maria Theresa to the throne of the
  Holy Roman Emperor, the power struggle engulfed
  all of Europe.
• Conflicts in America began when a Spanish
  commander boarded an English vessel in the
  Caribbean cutting off the British Capitans ear,
  Robert Jenkins, to be taken to Parliament as a
  sign of aggression and a warning to stay out of
  the Caribbean.
• Upon receiving Jenkins and
  his ear Parliament and
  George II opened war with Spain.

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King Georges War

• Most of the war was fought in naval battles in
  the Caribbean and Indian/colonial confrontations
  in the settlements of Georgia.
• The French quickly joined the
  war and began Indian attacks,
  which was answered by the
  Siege of Louisburg where
  the French lost
  control of the fort
  and control of the St. Lawrence
  River way.
• The French with Indians raided the towns of
  Albany and Schenectady.
• The War ended with the signing of the Treaty of
  Aix-la-Chapelle, with things going back to status
  quo antebellum.

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French and Indian War

• The last of the Intercontinental Wars was the
  French and Indian War which was the only one to
  start in the colonies and spread to Europe.
• After King Georges War the land of the Ohio
  Country was left in question with both the French
  and English claiming it.
• The French General Joseph de Montcalm was sent
  into the Ohio country to build a string of
  defensive forts along the Ohio River Valley.

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French and Indian War

• At the same time the French were building forts,
  the British Ohio Company was selling land grants
  to colonials to settle the area and for fur
  trading.
• The area was ran by the Virginia Colony led by
  Governor Robert Dinwiddie.
• Dinwiddie wanted to make an agreement with the
  French, so he sent a young British officer and
  surveyor, George Washington, to meet with the
  French, but was turned away.

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French and Indian War

• Dinwiddie then sent Washington to take a small
  fort in Western Pennsylvania called Fort
  Duquesne, which led to the Battle of Jumonville
  Glen were Washingtons men massacred the French.
• Washington then built a small protective fort
  called Fort Necessity to protect his men from a
  French counterattack, but due to poor strategy
  Washingtons men were slaughtered.
• The British decided that an army led by Major
  General Edward Braddock needed to be sent to the
  colonies to kick the French out of the Ohio
  Country.

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Fort Necessity
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French and Indian War

• In 1754 delegates from seven colonies meet in
  Albany, New York to discuss better relations with
  Indians and how to deal with the French called
  the Albany Conference.
• The delegates agreed on Benjamin Franklins
  Albany Plan of Union to create a unified colonial
  league of friendship government with a colonial
  legislative body and a
  representative to the British
  Parliament.
• The plan was outright
  rejected by all the colonies.

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French and Indian War

• The British Campaign of 1755 was an aggressive
  plan where William Johnson was to take Fort St.
  Frederic (failed), William Shirley was to take
  Fort Nigeria (failed), and Edward Braddock was to
  take Fort Duquesne (failed).
• At the Battle of Fort Duquesne Edward Braddock,
  George Washington (as a scout), and Braddocks
  army were ambushed and the lead British commander
  Braddock was killed.

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French and Indian War

• The French because of their early victories built
  a new fort called Fort Ticonderoga even closer to
  British settlements.
• To fund further assaults William Pitt, British
  Secretary of State, raised taxes in England and
  the colonies angering both sides of the Atlantic
  Ocean.
• The French had a string of
  victories culminating with
  the Massacre of Fort
  William Henry which
  turned the tide of the war.
  

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French and Indian War

• In 1758 the British started another aggressive
  but this time successful conquest
• Jeffery Amherst took Fort Louisburg, Ticonderoga,
  and St. Frederic.
• James Wolfe was sent to take a string of forts
  that culminated with the Battle of the Plains of
  Abraham where Wolfe and Montcalm died.
• This led to the fall of Quebec and the people
  fleeing Montreal. (both major cities gone the
  French had to admit defeat).

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French and Indian War

• The Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the French and
  Indian War giving the British Canada, all lands
  East of the Mississippi River, and Florida.
• This effetely gave the British complete dominance
  over North America.
• The French and Indian War though showed some
  colonial resentment of British control, led to
  conflict between British regulars (red coats or
  lobster backs) and Colonial militias, and the
  beginning of a desire for separation and the
  creation of a new nation due to increased British
  control and taxation.