Ballast Water Management Engineering Technologies and Opportunities

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Ballast Water Management Engineering Technologies
and Opportunities

• Spencer Schilling
• President
• Herbert Engineering Corp.

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Overview

• Shipboard Ballast Operations
• Typical Ballast System Components
• AIS and Ballast Water
• Shipboard Ballast Water Management Solutions
• Exchange
• Treatment
• Treatment Technologies Engineering Challenges

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Shipboard Ballast Operations

• Why is ballast used?
• Maintain seaworthy condition when lightly loaded
• Draft, trim, stability, bending moment, shear
  force, slamming, propeller immersion, motions

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Shipboard Ballast Operations

• How is it handled?
• Loading condition is assessed and ballast
  allocated to remain within safe operational
  limits
• Ballast movements coordinated with cargo
  operations
• Impact on Crew
• Provides for vessel safety
• Controls vessel motion for better comfort
• Requires daily management of ballast and
  maintenance of systems and tanks

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Typical Ballast System Components

• Simple liquid storage/handling system
• Tanks, piping, valves, pumps
• Vents, overflows, sounding tubes, level
  indicators
• Remotely operated
• Sea chests and overboard discharges

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Ballast System Design Considerations

• Total ballast volume 6,000 to gt100,000 m3
• Flow rates 200 to 5000 m3/hr
• Head requirements up to 30m
• In service flexibility ( tks, pipe, valves, )
• Ballast Exchange Options
• Partial Ballast Conditions
• Control systems

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What are AIS?

• Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) are organisms
  transported by human activities to a region where
  they did not occur historically and have
  established reproducing populations in the wild.
• (Ref. Dobroski, Aquatic Invasive Species and
  Ballast Water Management)

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How do we manage AIS?

• Prevention Best line of defense, vector
  management
• Eradication Costly and oftenimpossible, over
  6 million to eradicate Caulerpa (algae)
  fromtwo small southern CA embayments
• Species management once established restrict
  local movement, control populations in sensitive
  habitats if possible
• (Ref. Dobroski, Aquatic Invasive Species and
  Ballast Water Management)

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How do they get here?

• Many mechanisms (vectors) capable of transporting
  AIS around the world
• Aquaculture, live seafood shipments, bait, pet
  store trade, intentional release
• Commercial ships responsible for up to 80 of
  introductions in coastal habitats
• Includes ballast water and vessel fouling
• (Ref. Dobroski, Aquatic Invasive Species and
  Ballast Water Management)

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Ballast Water and AIS

• Species are introduced upon ballast water
  discharge in recipient regions
• (Ref. Dobroski,
  Aquatic Invasive Species and Ballast Water
  Management)

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Ballast Water Management Options in California

• Retain all ballast on board the vessel
• Ballast water exchange
• Discharge to an approved shoreside treatment
  facility (currently no such facilities in CA)
• Use of alternative, environmentally sound CSLC or
  USCG approved method of treatment
• (Ref. Dobroski, Aquatic Invasive
  Species and Ballast Water Management)

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Ballast Water Treatment Standards
Organism Size Class California1,2 IMO Regulation D-21 Washington
Organisms greater than 50 µm in minimum dimension No detectable living organisms lt 10 viable organisms per cubic meter Technology to inactivate or remove 95 zooplankton 99 bacteria and phytoplankton
Organisms 10 50 µm in minimum dimension lt 0.01 living organisms per ml lt 10 viable organisms per ml Technology to inactivate or remove 95 zooplankton 99 bacteria and phytoplankton
Organisms less than 10 µm in minimum dimension Escherichia coli Intestinal enterococci Toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae (01 0139) lt 103 bacteria/100 ml lt 104 viruses/100 ml lt 126 cfu3/100 ml lt 33 cfu/100 ml lt 1cfu/100 ml or lt 1cfu/gram wet weight zoological samples lt 250 cfu/100 ml lt 100 cfu/100 ml lt 1 cfu/100 ml or lt 1 cfu/gram wet weight zooplankton samples Technology to inactivate or remove 95 zooplankton 99 bacteria and phytoplankton
1 See Implementation Schedule (below) for dates
by which vessels must meet California Interim
Performance Standards and IMO Ballast Water
Performance Standard 2 Final discharge standard
for California, beginning January 1, 2020, is
zero detectable living organisms for all organism
size classes 3 Colony-forming-unit Implementati
on Schedule for Performance Standards
(Ref. Dobroski, Aquatic Invasive Species and
Ballast Water Management)
Ballast Water Capacity of Vessel Standards apply to new vessels in this size class constructed on or after Standards apply to all other vessels in this size class beginning in
lt 1500 metric tons 2009 2016
lt 1500 5000 metric tons 2009 2014
gt 5000 metric tons 2012 2016
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Treatment Technology Challenge

• Achieve desired kill rate
• Work at high flow rates and with large volumes
• Work with water of varying salinity, temperature,
  nutrients, clarity
• Do not introduce other personnel/environmental
  hazards
• Provide mechanism/process for testing/monitoring
• Do not disrupt ship operations/schedule
• Fit in limited space and survive ship conditions
  (vibration, pitch/roll motions,...)
• Use available power
• Do not add to ship maintenance
• Be economical to buy, install, use and maintain

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Treatment Technology Solutions

• Chemical Biocides (Active Substances)
• Chlorine (Generated on Board)
• Ozone (Generated on Board)
• Proprietary Chemicals (some delivered pre-mixed)
• Mechanical Separation - Filters
• Physical Change to Ballast Water Environment
• Irradiate (UV light)
• Deoxygenate
• Heat

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Chlorine NaCl H2O 2e NaOCl H2

• Generate Chlorine / Sodium Hypochlorate (bleach)
  with electrolytic cells on board
• Add solution when taking on ballast, maintain
  levels during voyage
• Lethal in hours
• gt80 chance can meet IMO 2004 criteria
• Systems designed but limited testing to date
• High dosage levels can promote steel corrosion
• Concern about chemical residuals

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Ozone

• Ozone generator on board using high voltage AC
  current
• Applied at uptake or discharge
• Lethal in 5-15 hours
• Short half life limits corrosion and makes safe
  at discharge
• lt60 chance can meet IMO 2004 criteria
• Systems designed but limited testing to date

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Proprietary Chemicals

• Pre-Mixed proprietary chemicals introduced at
  metered dosage rate when taking on ballast
• Chemicals degrade over time, designed to be safe
  at discharge
• Lethal in 24 hrs
• gt80 chance can meet IMO 2004 criteria
• Full size testing ongoing
• High dosage levels can promote steel corrosion
• Concern about chemical residuals

Example Peracetic Acid C2H4O3 acetic acid,
hydrogen peroxide with sulfuric acid
catalyst. Produced on shore, delivered to ship in
chemical tanks
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Mechanical Separation Filters and Cyclones

• Filters for larger organisms
• Done at uptake and/or discharge
• Lethal at time of treatment
• lt80 chance can meet IMO 2004 criteria
• Full scale testing on going

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Filtration with Backflush

• 50 microns is the practical lower limit
• Automatic backflush is required to allow for
  unattended operation
• Backflush process reduces the net flow rate and
  increases the system pressure drops
• External backflushing pump is required
• Probably not practical for bulkers and tankers
  with high flow rates and volumes

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Filtration with Backflush

• Can remove most of the larger life forms
• A 50 micron screen will remove most or all of the
  zooplankton and some of the phytoplankton and
  dinoflagellates.
• Filters of a practical size are not effective
  against bacteria and viruses
• Useful in reducing turbidity (suspended solids)

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Cyclonic Separation

• figure

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Cyclonic Separation

• Can remove solids heavier than the sea water and
  larger than about 50 microns
• About 5 to 10 of the total flow rate is removed
  in the sludge discharge
• Pressure drop is about 0.8 bar plus backpressure
  valve at 1.2 to 1.5 bar

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Cyclonic Separation

• Effectively remove the large vertebrates and
  invertebrates
• Not effective in reducing zooplankton density,
  but it does reduce live densities
• Not that effective in reducing bacteria, viruses,
  or phytoplankton

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Physical Change to EnvironmentUltraviolet (UV)
Light

• Inactivates living organisms by causing DNA
  mutations
• Proven effective against zooplankton,
  phytoplankton, bacteria and viruses.
• Need pretreatment to reduce size of organisms and
  exposure time
• Can be used on intake and discharge

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Ultraviolet (UV) Light

• Can be automatically controlled and monitored
• Long history in the marine industry and
  demonstrated low maintenance requirements
• Basic technology is readily available on the
  market
• Turbid materials in the ballast flow attenuate
  and scatter the UV radiation

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Physical Change to Environment Deoxygenate

• Inert gas generated on board
• When mixed with water, lowers Oxygen and pH
• Lethal in 4 to 6 days
• gt80 chance can meet IMO 2004 criteria
• Full scale testing on going, some systems
  approved by IMO
• Reduces corrosion, but can require closed tank
  vent system to maintain low oxygen atmosphere.

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Physical Change to Environment Heat Treatment

• Heat water to threshold temperature (42 degC)
• Lethal in hours to days
• Requires large amount of energy and can be
  difficult to generate heat in port when ME not
  running
• lt60 chance can meet IMO 2004 Criteria
• Full scale testing on going
• Heat promotes corrosion

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Combined SystemsCyclonic UV System(courtesy
Optimar/Hyde Marine)
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2- Stage TreatmentCyclonic Separator UV
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3 - Stage TreatmentFilter UV Chemical

• 50 micron filtration
• remove large particles
• remove sediments
• UV light
• inactivate living organisms
• reduced efficacy with cloudy water
• Catalysts
• activated by UV energy producing oxidizing
  chemicals
• increases efficacy of UV in cloudy water

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Life Cycle Costs

• Acquisition
• 250 m3/hr 5000 m3/hr
• 100k to 400k 400k to 1800k
• Installation
• 50k to 125k 200k to 800k
• Operating
• 0.02/m3 to 0.45/m3
• 7000 m3 140 3,150
• 70,000 m3 1,400
  31,500
• Maintenance ?

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Safety Issues

• Handling and storage of chemicals, radiation and
  other equipment meant to kill living organisms
• New risks to personnel and the environment
• IMO G9 Procedures considering eco-toxicology,
  human health and ship and crew safety
  (MEPC.126(53))
• Local, State, National water quality regulations

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Regulatory Compliance and Testing
Organism Size Class California1,2
Organisms greater than 50 µm in minimum dimension No detectable living organisms
Organisms 10 50 µm in minimum dimension lt 0.01 living organisms per ml
Organisms less than 10 µm in minimum dimension Escherichia coli Intestinal enterococci Toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae (01 0139) lt 103 bacteria/100 ml lt 104 viruses/100 ml lt 126 cfu3/100 ml lt 33 cfu/100 ml lt 1cfu/100 ml or lt 1cfu/gram wet weight zoological samples

• Stricter standards
• Testing is time consuming
• Lab results may not scale well to full size
• Functional testing and equipment certification
  Type Approval, or
• In service testing (end of pipe) for continuous
  monitoring

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Need for Engineered Solutions

• Develop treatment technologies (Entrepreneur
  stage)
• Design testing methods and process for type
  approval or continuous monitoring
• Automatic ballast water analyzers (bug counters)
• Ship design adjustments and system integration
• Regulatory development/evaluation

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Ballast Water Management Engineering Technologies
and Opportunities

• Spencer Schilling
• President
• Herbert Engineering Corp.