SOLIDS: Strain is related to stress. For Hookean or linear

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SOLIDS Strain is related to stress. For
Hookean or linear elastic solids sEe,
where e is strain E is Youngs modulus s is
stress (force/area)
FLUIDS Strain rate is related to shear stress.
For Newtonian fluids t µ du/dy, where t
is shear stress, µ is viscosity du/dy is
velocity gradient
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Viscosity behavior of fluids
Newtonian. Shear thickening. Shear thinning.
Thixotropic. Bingham plastic Magnetorheological
fluid
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EQUATIONS
Momentum
Continuity
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BERNOULLI EQUATION
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Dimensionless quantities
Reynolds Re LV/? Inertial force/viscous
force Rossby Ro V/(2LO sin ?) Inertial
force/Coriolis force Drag coefficient Cd
(?-?)Lg/(?V2) Drag force/inertial force
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Oceanography Meteorology Aeronautics Biomedical
fluid mechanics Convective heat
transfer Turbulence Acoustics Powerless
pump Other. . .
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Oceanography
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Meteorology
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Biomedical fluids
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Aeronautics
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Turbulence
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Water delivery
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Acoustics
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RECORD FUEL PRICES PLACE STRESS ON OCEAN SHIPPING
May 2, 2008 Shipping lines worldwide are
struggling as crude oil prices topped an
unprecedented US119 per barrel this week, in
turn pushing marine bunker fuel prices up past
552 per ton a 26 per ton increase since the
end of March alone. Bunker prices have risen 87
since the beginning of 2007. Fuel costs
represent as much as 50-60 of total ship
operating costs, depending on the type of ship
and service. . . .
With the cost of bunker fuel at 552 per ton,
with fuel consumption at 217 tons per day, and a
14 day voyage, a single round trip voyage for
this one vessel would produce a fuel bill of
3,353,952.
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SkySails flies 100-500m above sea
surface Generates about 1.5 hp/m2 Largest
offering 5000 m2 Estimated fuel saving
Rotterdam/NY 27
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Convective cooling
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Engines
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Water jet cutter with injected abrasive (40K psi)
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Power generation from ocean waves