Objective 1

1
Objective 1

• The student will demonstrate and understanding of
  the nature of science

2
Scientific Processes Biology and Integrated
Physics and Chemistry

• The student, for at least 40 of instructional
  time, conducts field and laboratory
  investigations using safe, environmentally
  appropriate and ethical practices. The student
  is expected to
• A) Demonstrate safe practices during field and
  laboratory investigations.

3
1A Bio C 10-04
A science class is conducting an experiment that
produces noxious fumes. Because of inadequate
ventilation, some students begin to feel
nauseated and dizzy. The first response should
be to ---
A neutralize the acid that is reacting to
produce the noxious fumes B carry the reactants
outside, away from other students C leave the
room and go to an area with fresh air D spray
the reaction with a fire extinguisher
4
1A Bio D 10-03
Laboratory equipment is cleaned and properly
stored after use primarily so that ---

1. Chemical products can be measured and recorded
   as data
2. Time is saved in setting up the next experiment
3. Toxic materials can be kept in the laboratory
4. The possibility of contamination in the
   laboratory is minimized

5
1A Bio B 11/05
This picture indicates that the chemical
represented is ---

1. pressurized
2. corrosive
3. flammable
4. toxic

6
1A Bio C 11/04
The diagram shows an experimental setup. Which
of these questions was this experiment designed
to answer?

1. Does water boil when exposed to air?
2. Will fire turn a gas into a liquid?
3. Does air expand when heated?
4. Will heat turn a gas into a solid?

7
1A Bio A 11/04
Reactions that produce toxic gases should be
performed in a ---

1. Laboratory fume hood
2. Beaker with a watch glass on top
3. Well-ventilated area of the lab
4. Warm, airtight drying oven

8
1A Bio C 10-03
The reason for wafting or fanning a small amount
of chemical vapors toward the nose as a means to
detect odors in a test tube is to ---

1. Avoid experimental error from excessive loss of
   mass of reactants or products
2. Avoid splashing chemicals into the face of any
   person
3. Protect the respiratory tract against
   potentially harmful vapors
4. Determine the relative strength of the odor
   before smelling directly

9
Powerful Plankton The U.S. Naval Research
Laboratory has created an experimental marine
fuel cell that could produce enough electricity
to power ocean-monitoring devices. This fuel
cell runs on seawater and sediment, with the help
of plankton. Some plankton on the surface of
ocean sediments use dissolved oxygen to break
down organic matter, releasing energy this is an
aerobic process. The plankton in the deeper
sediments break down organic matter without using
oxygen this is an anaerobic process. These two
processes create a difference in voltage between
the surface of the sediment and the sediment
farther down in the seabed, The voltage
difference can be used to produce electricity
up to 5.0 x 10-2 watts of power. Energy supplied
by this type of fuel cell can be obtained as long
as there is organic matter in the sediment.
1A Bio A 10-04
Which safety precaution should be observed while
analyzing sediment from a marine aquarium?

1. Wear rubber gloves
2. Use a fume hood
3. Avoid using glassware
4. Have a fire extinguisher nearby

10
1A Bio D 10-04
An activity is designed that allows a student to
observe the temperature changes in a cup of
water. A piece of metal taken from a beaker of
boiling water is placed in a cup containing water
at room temperature. A glass alcohol thermometer
is used to measure temperature changes.
A safety checklist for this activity should
include the presence of a proper fire
extinguisher and all of the following items
except a ---

1. Fire blanket
2. Receptacle for broken glass
3. Laboratory apron
4. Squeeze bottle

11
Potential Hazards of Petroleum, Naphtha, Hexane,
Toluene, and Acetone
1A Bio D 10/04
May cause eye, skin, nose, and throat irritation.
Inhaling or swallowing vapors may be harmful or
fatal. Known to cause birth defects. Vapor may
ignite explosively.
The ingredients described above are used to make
a bonding agent. The most important safety
precaution to take when applying this bonding
agent is to ---

1. Dry it with a small flame
2. Work in a well-ventilated area
3. Cover the work area with newspaper
4. Wear a lab coat

12
1A Bio C 10/06
In which part of this process should safety
precautions be planned?

1. Q
2. R
3. S
4. T

13
1A Bio B 11/05

• Examining
  Owl Pellets
• Obtain owl pellet and place in a dissecting tray
• Carefully break open the owl pellet with forceps
  and dissecting needle
• Remove fur and feathers from the bones
• Group the recovered bones into mammal and bird
  skeletons

When performing this activity, students must
remember to ---

1. Label the equipment used
2. Keep hands away from face and mouth
3. Sterilize the dissecting needle before use
4. Disinfect the fur and feathers removed from the
   pellet

14
1A Bio A 11/05
The anatomy of grasshoppers is being studied in a
dissection lab. Working in groups of three,
students make observations using a hand lens,
forceps, and a scalpel. Two of the students in a
group have finished their observations. These
two students may do all of the following except
---

1. remove their goggles
2. review their notes
3. wash their hands
4. assist their lab partner

15
1A Bio A 11/06
The label shown above contains information about
some harmful effects of acetone. A group of
students plans to use acetone to rinse out a
glass container. A second group of students is
working at the same lab table. Which of the
following lab procedures should the second group
of students avoid?

1. Heating water with an open flame
2. Pouring hydrochloric acid into a beaker
3. Filtering precipitates from a liquid solution
4. Collecting oxygen from plants in a test tube

16
1A Bio C 11/04
Classification symbols for certain fire
extinguishers are shown below. Which class of
fire extinguisher should be used when a hot plate
overheats and catches on fire?
A
C
D
B
17
1A Bio D 11-04
All of these procedures must be followed when
using the setup to the left except ---

1. Putting on safety goggles
2. Handling the beaker with tongs
3. Securing loose clothing
4. Wearing rubber gloves

18
1A Bio 11-03

• The safest way to dilute concentrated sulfuric
  acid is to add ___
• A. a series of small volumes of water to the acid
  while stirring
• the acid to water slowly while stirring
  constantly
• the acid to a small volume of water and then
  add more water
• dilute sulfuric acid to a small volume of the
  concentrated acid

19

• The safest way to dilute concentrated sulfuric
  acid is to add ___
• A. a series of small volumes of water to the acid
  while stirring
• the acid to water slowly while stirring
  constantly
• the acid to a small volume of water and then
  add more water
• dilute sulfuric acid to a small volume of the
  concentrated acid

20
2. Scientific ProcessesBiology and Integrated
Physics and Chemistry

• The student uses scientific methods during field
  and laboratory investigations. The student is
  expected to
• A) Plan and implement investigative procedures
  including asking questions, formulating testable
  hypothesis, and selecting equipment and
  technology
• B) Collect data and take measurements with
  precision
• C) organize, analyze, evaluate, make inferences,
  and predict trends from data and
• D) Communicate valid conclusions.

21
2A Bio A
Time Required for Water Evaporation
Container A B
Volume of Water (mL) 25 25
Temperature (oC) -15 25
Time Required (h) 72 24
The table shows times required for water to
evaporate from identical containers. Which of
these is the best question to ask before
developing a reasonable hypothesis to explain the
data?
A Why does a lower temperature slow the rate of
evaporation? B What is the boiling point of the
water after both samples are heated? C Why does
water exist as a solid at -15oC and as a liquid
at 25oC? D How does the rate of evaporation
change when a different container is used?
22
2A Bio B
A scientist has hypothesized that the
existence of life on Mars is likely because Mars
atmosphere is 95 carbon dioxide.
Which question is valid in testing this
hypothesis?
A Do most other scientists agree with the
hypothesis? B Could abiotic processes account
for the carbon dioxide? C What is the percent
of argon compared to carbon dioxide in the
Martian atmosphere? D Have the scientists other
predictions about Mars been validated?
23
2A Bio D 11/06
A De-Icing Experiment Some species of plants
that commonly grow near roadways are used in an
experiment. The plant species are divided into
control groups and experimental groups. All
groups are grown under identical conditions
except that the experimental groups are given
daily applications of a de-icing solution that is
used on roadways in winter. At the end of one
month, the growth of the control group and
experimental groups is compared.
Which of the following is the most likely
hypothesis for the experiment described above?
A Vegetation that grows near roadways requires
more water than vegetation in other areas. B
De-icing solution causes roadways to have more
space for vegetation. C Vegetation near
roadways changes the effectiveness of de-icing
solution. D De-icing solution affects some
types of vegetation that grows near roadways.
24
2A Bio D 11/06
Beaker 1 Beaker 2
Beaker 3 (10 cm from light) (50 cm from light)
(90 cm from light)
The picture shows an experiment designed to
investigate biochemical activity in a water plant
in a dark room. Over time, bubbles can be easily
observed and counted as they escape the funnel.
The number of bubbles is an indicator of the rate
of photosynthesis. Which of these data tables
best reflects that expected results of this
experiment?
Beakers Number of Bubbles/Minute
1 0
2 15
3 20
Beakers Number of Bubbles/Minute
1 15
2 15
3 15
A
C
Beakers Number of Bubbles/Minute
1 10
2 0
3 20
Beakers Number of Bubbles/Minute
1 20
2 10
3 0
B
D
25
2A Bio B 10-04
In experiments, a benefit of larger sample sizes
would be more ---

1. variables
2. representative data
3. time per group
4. control groups

26
2A BIO C 10-04
An engineer has created a new engine for race
cars. It is necessary to know which fuel mixture
will allow the engine to run at its peak
performance. Which experimental design is best
for this investigation?

1. Use one fuel mixture on the engine and measure
   its performance
2. Use one fuel mixture on many types of engines
   and measure their performance
3. Use various fuel mixtures on the engine and
   measure its performance
4. Use various fuels on many types of engines and
   measure their performance

27
2A Bio B 10-03
The following boxes represent a field. Which
pattern for collecting 10 samples would provide
the best data for identifying the types of plants
in a field?
X X X C X X X X X
X X
X X X X X A X X X X X
X X X
X B X X X
X X X
X X X X X D X X X X X
28
2A Bio H C
Two science students discovered that the mass of
a sample of acetone in an open beaker decreased
within a few minutes. One student hypothesized
that the acetone reacted with oxygen to form a
gaseous compound that escaped. The other
believed that the acetone evaporated into the
air. What should the students do to test these
hypotheses?

1. Combine the hypotheses so they give valid
   predictions of the acetones behavior
2. Conduct a study of original papers describing
   the experiments leading to acetones discovery
3. Perform an experiment that attempts to identify
   the gas above the open beaker
4. Ask a classmates opinion about the chemical and
   physical properties of acetone

29
2A Bio A 11/05
The following hypothesis refers to iron in the
topsoil on an island formed from limestone.
Hypothesis Much of the iron found in the
topsoil of the island was carried from Africa by
huge dust clouds.
Which study would most likely be used to
investigate this hypothesis?
A Tracking dust clouds with satellite photos B
Determining the effects of iron on limestone C
Calculating erosion rates in African limestone
mines D Analyzing the content of comet dust
clouds
30
Experimental Results
2A Bio D 11/05
Material Conducts No Electricity Yes
Copper X
Glass X
Chalk X
Silver X
Wood X
Sulfur X
Tin X
Zinc X
According to these data, which question was most
likely by this activity?
A How warm do materials get when placed in an
electric circuit? B Will an electric current
change a metal into a nonmetal? C Which material
requires the greatest voltage in an electric
circuit? D Can an electric current be used to
distinguish metals from other materials?
31
2A Bio C 11/04
A ruler placed between one students fingers and
thumb is released without warning. A second
student catches the ruler. The distance the
ruler falls is recorded. This experiment is most
likely designed to determine the ---
A effects of stress on the first students heart
rate B acceleration of the ruler during its
fall C second students reaction time to a
stimulus D force applied on a falling mass
32
2A Bio D 10/03
Objects of the same mass but of different sizes
and shape were dropped from a given height.
Their rates of free fall were measured and
recorded. Which of the following is most likely
the question this experiment was designed to
answer?
A How does height affect the force of gravity? B
How does gravity affect objects of different
densities? C How do mass and weight affect
falling objects? D How do size and shape affect
an objects rate of free fall?
33
2A Bio D 11/04
Which set of equipment would be best to use to
test the effect of temperature on solution
acidity?
A A balance and a thermometer B A pH meter and
a barometer C A balance and litmus paper D A
thermometer and a pH meter
34
2A Bio B 10/04
Which lab setup would be appropriate to use in
heating 100 mL of water to the boiling point?
A A 10 mL test tube held above a Bunsen burner B
A 200 mL beaker placed on a hot plate C A
thermal coil inside a 100 mL cylinder D A sealed
300 mL flask in a warm-water bath
35
2A Bio C 11/06
A medical researcher hypothesizes that a newly
developed medication can reduce high blood
pressure. Which of these would most likely be
the dependent variable in a study involving this
medication?
A The number of participants in the study B The
ages of people treated for high blood pressure
with other medication C The blood pressure of the
participants in the study D The number of people
treated for high blood pressure with other
medications
36
2A Bio D 11/06
Similar sprigs of elodea were placed in four test
tubes. Each test tube contained water with a
different concentration of salt ranging from 0 to
3 percent. The length of each sprig was measured
after 10 days. Which of these questions can best
be answered with this experimental setup?
A Can the amount of salt in the water help
elodea avoid disease? B What happens to salt as
elodea sues water? C Will elodea increase the
amount of salt in the water? D Does the amount
of salt in the water affect elodea growth?
37
2A Bio A 11/06
The following hypothesis refers to iron in the
topsoil found on an island formed from limestone.
Hypothesis Much of the iron found in the
topsoil of the island was carried from Africa by
huge dust clouds.
Which study would most likely be used to
investigate this hypothesis?
A Tracking dust clouds with satellite photos B
Determining the effects of iron on limestone C
Calculating erosion rates in African limestone
mines D Analyzing the content of comet dust
clouds
38
2A Bio A 11/05
A valid study would include a control group
containing --- A bean seed, tomato seed,
sunflower seed, an water B water and 2 root
hormone C water only D bean seed, tomato seed,
sunflower seed, water, and 1 root hormone
39
2A Bio A 11-04
Students placed equal amounts of bread mold on 12
identical agar plates containing the same amounts
and types of nutrients. Four plates were kept at
0oC, four were kept at 45oC, and four were kept
at 22oC (room temperature). The plates were
examined after five days.
Which of the following was probably the
hypothesis for this experiment? A The growth of
bread mold increases as temperature increases. B
The type of nutrient causes bread mold to grow
faster at higher temperatures. C The size of
the plates determines the temperature of bread
mold. D The temperature of bread mold is
determined by the molds growth.
40
2A Bio C 11-04
Moon Chemistry Samples collected by Apollo
astronauts have provided new data about the moon.
Some of these samples consisted of lunar soil, a
fine-grained, sand-like material produced as a
result of the destruction of moon rocks. Traces
of beryllium-10 were found in the samples.
Beryllium-10 is carried by the solar wind, which
transports elements from the suns surface and
deposits them on the moon. The solar wind
may also result in the formation of new
substances. Tiny teardrops of iron and specks of
molybdenum were found inside the particles of
lunar soil. This is interesting because these
elements have not been found in an uncombined
state on Earth. The metal oxides they originally
were part of were possibly changed when bombarded
by the positively charged particles of the solar
wind. Another interesting find was tiny (1
to 3 micrometers in length) crystals of silver
sulfide. Because similar particles are found on
Earth, it has been hypothesized that these
crystals were created at a time when the moon had
a molten core.
Which procedure is best to use when determining
the density of a rock?

1. Place the rock in a water-filled beaker and find
   the height at which the rock floats above water.
2. Use a ruler to measure the rocks dimensions and
   then find its mass using an analytical balance.
3. Measure the mass of the rock on a balance and
   then find the volume of water it displaces in a
   graduated cylinder.
4. Place the rock in three liquids with different
   densities and observe which liquid the rock
   floats in.

41
2A Bio A 10/03
Which of these is a hypothesis that can be tested
through experimentation?
A Bacterial growth increases exponentially as
temperature increases. B A fishs ability to
taste food is affected by the clarity of
aquarium water. C Tadpoles fear of carnivorous
insect larvae increases as the tadpoles age. D
The number of times a dog wags its tail
indicates how content the dog is.
42
2A Bio B 11/06
A student is working with four beakers that each
contain a clear liquid. Which set of procedures
would be best to use to determine whether one of
the beakers contains only distilled water?
43
2A Bio B 11/05
Only 10 of the electrical energy operating a
lightbulb is changed into visible light. Which
instrument helps identify the energy change
occurring to most of the remaining 90?
A Triple-beam balance B Thermometer C
Magnifying glass D Prism
44
2A Bio D 10/06
Hypothesis At the end of each summer, Texas red
oak (Quercus buckleyi) leaves turn red and fall
off the trees. This is most likely caused by
changes in air temperature and sunlight intensity.
Which equipment is most useful when measuring the
two environmental changes mentioned above?

1. Barometer and voltmeter
2. Light meter and barometer
3. Voltmeter and thermometer
4. Thermometer and light meter

45
2A Bio D 11/06
In an activity, a ball is dropped from a height
of 100 cm onto five different materials. The
rebound height of each drop is shown in the
graph. Which of the following describes the
hypothesis most likely being tested?
A The mass of the ball affects the rebound
height. B The material the ball is made of
affects the rebound height. C The height the
ball is dropped from affects the rebound
height. D The surface the ball is dropped onto
affects the rebound height.
46
2A Bio D 11/05
The diagram shows a classroom setup for an
experiment. This experiment was probably
designed to determine wood lice --
A social behaviors B activity patterns C
speed D habitat preferences
47
2A Bio D 10/06
Which of the following is most useful in
determining the kinetic energy of a 50 g
battery-powered car traveling a distance of 10 m?
A Beaker B Voltmeter C Thermometer D Stopwatch
48
2A Bio C 11/05
The picture above shows a compound microscope.
What part of the microscope should be used to
adjust the amount of light illuminating a
prepared slide?
A Eyepiece B Rotating nosepiece C Diaphragm D
Coarse-focus knob
49
2A Bio B 11/06
Which of these could be used to determine whether
a substance is a base?
A Thermometer B Litmus paper C Balance D
Bunsen burner
50
2A Bio 11/06
Black-and-White Negatives Before digital
cameras were available, photographs could be made
only with cameras that used photographic film.
These cameras are still in use today.
Photographic film contains a light-sensitive
layer of chemicals. These chemicals are silver
halide granules. As light rays travel through a
camera lens, they bend and are focused onto the
photographic film. When exposed to light, the
halide granules are activated in different
amounts depending on the intensity of the light
that strikes them. This forms a photographic
image on the film. After the pictures are
taken, the exposed film is processed in a
laboratory. The film is placed in a solution
that reacts chemically with the silver halide
granules, forming black metallic silver. The
black silver is thickest in the areas of the film
exposed to the most intense light and thinnest in
the areas exposed to the least intense
light. After a roll of film is processed, it is
called a negative. This is because it contains
negative images of the pictures that were taken.
When light is projected through the negatives
onto photosensitive paper, the areas with the
thickest silver become the lightest, and the
areas with the thinnest silver become the
darkest. The diagram shows both a negative
image and a positive image of a tree. The
negative image represents an image on the
negative, and the positive image represents the
same image on photo paper.
51
2A Bio B 11/06
Black-and-White Negatives Before digital
cameras were available, photographs could be made
only with cameras that used photographic film.
These cameras are still in use today.
Photographic film contains a light-sensitive
layer of chemicals. These chemicals are silver
halide granules. As light rays travel through a
camera lens, they bend and are focused onto the
photographic film. When exposed to light, the
halide granules are activated in different
amounts depending on the intensity of the light
that strikes them. This forms a photographic
image on the film. After the pictures are
taken, the exposed film is processed in a
laboratory. The film is placed in a solution
that reacts chemically with the silver halide
granules, forming black metallic silver. The
black silver is thickest in the areas of the film
exposed to the most intense light and thinnest in
the areas exposed to the least intense
light. After a roll of film is processed, it is
called a negative. This is because it contains
negative images of the pictures that were taken.
When light is projected through the negatives
onto photosensitive paper, the areas with the
thickest silver become the lightest, and the
areas with the thinnest silver become the
darkest. The diagram shows both a negative
image and a positive image of a tree. The
negative image represents an image on the
negative, and the positive image represents the
same image on photo paper.
Which of these tools is most useful in
identifying the wavelengths of visible light?
A Convex lens B Spectroscope C Microscope D
Concave mirror
52
2A Bio D 10/06
Hypothesis At the end of each summer, Texas red
oak (Quercus buckleyi) leaves turn red and fall
off the trees. This is most likely caused by
changes in air temperature and sunlight intensity.
Which equipment is most useful when measuring the
two environmental changes mentioned above?

1. Barometer and voltmeter
2. Light meter and barometer
3. Voltmeter and thermometer
4. Thermometer and light meter

53
4B IPC D 11/05
Soap-Making Project

• Materials
• 125 mL cooking oil
• 100 mL H2O
• 10 g NaOH
• Safety goggles
• Apron
• 500 mL beaker
• Stirring rod
• Procedures
• Measure and add 100 mL of H2O to 125 mL of
  cooking oil and mix thoroughly.
• Carefully and slowly add 10 g of NaOH while
  stirring constantly.
• Stir until paste forms.
• Pour the paste into a mold and let it sit for two
  days.
• Remove the solid bar from the mold.

Which two pieces of equipment should be added to
the materials list for this activity? A
Graduated cylinder and metric ruler B Metric
ruler and stopwatch C Magnifying glass and
balance D Graduated cylinder and balance
Caution Keep this soap away from the face and
eyes because traces of NaOH may still be present
on the soap bar. Use this soap for washing
floors and tools only.
54
2A Bio H 11/04
Which is the best question to ask before
developing a reasonable hypothesis for the
phenomenon shown above?
A Why does water crystallize into a solid below
0oC instead of remaining a liquid? B How will
the freezing time from 20oC to -15oC change if
each container is covered? C Why does boiling
the water cause it to freeze more quickly when
cooled from 20oC to -15oC? D What is the
precise boiling point of the water in Sample A
after it has been heated?
55
2A Bio A 10-03
The diagram shows different setups of an
experiment to determine how sharks find their
prey. Which experimental setup is the control?
A Q B R C S D T
56
2A Bio B 11/04
Habitat Productivity (g/m2/yr) Bird Diversity (average number of species/km2)
Marsh 2000 14
Grassland 500 12
Shrub land 600 8
Desert 70 3
Coniferous forest 800 17
Upland deciduous forest 1000 21
Floodplain deciduous forest 2000 24
Which question could be formed based on these
data? A What types of plants have increased
productivity in different habitats? B Is there a
relationship between productivity and bird
diversity in a habitat? C How does the number of
birds in a population affect habitats? D Do
habitats display changes in productivity and bird
diversity during different seasons?
57
2A Bio B 11/04
Initial Velocity of Ball (m/s) Calculated Distance (m) Actual Distance (m)
2.0 0.52 0.51
4.0 2.07 2.01
8.0 8.30 7.90
Mass of metal ball 0.066 kg Vertical height off
ground, h 0.89 m
A catapult was designed to project a small metal
ball at a target. The resulting data are shown
in the table. Which of these might explain the
difference between the calculated and actual
distances? A The ball landed short of the
calculated distance because of an increase in
momentum. B Air resistance caused the ball to
land short of the calculated distance. C Initial
mass of the ball changed with each trial. D The
metal ball was too small for accurate
measurements to be made.
58
2B Bio D 10-03
Which of the following shows the length of a
rubber strip measured precisely to 2.22
centimeters?
59
2B Bio B 10-03
Which of the following pieces of equipment would
be most appropriate for measuring the volume of a
marble?
60
2B Bio C 11/05
Which piece of equipment would be used to
precisely measure the volume of an acid?
61
2B Bio 11-03
This experiment probably was set up to determine
---

1. how much mechanical energy the battery produces
2. the pH of water during electrolysis
3. the pressure created by an electric current
4. how much energy is converted to heat

62
This experiment probably was set up to determine
---

1. how much mechanical energy the battery produces
2. the pH of water during electrolysis
3. the pressure created by an electric current
4. how much energy is converted to heat

63
2B Bio 11-03
The picture shows the position of a ball every
0.25 second on a photogram. Using a ruler,
determine the velocity of the ball

1. 3.5 cm/s
2. 10.5 cm/s
3. 14.0 cm/s
4. 28.0 cm/s

64
The picture shows the position of a ball every
0.25 second on a photogram. Using a ruler,
determine the velocity of the ball

1. 3.5 cm/s
2. 10.5 cm/s
3. 14.0 cm/s
4. 28.0 cm/s

65
2B Bio D 11-03
Four lab groups measured the volume of acid
required to neutralize a standard solution of
sodium hydroxide. Which of the groups measured
the volume with the highest precision?
66
2B Bio D 10/04
In the diagram above, one cell creates and
releases chemicals that travel to a second cell
and quickly induce that cell into action. This
diagram represents part of the --- A
endocrine system B skeletal system C
muscular system D nervous system
67
2B Bio A 11/06 11/05
Which of these is the most appropriate unit of
measure for reporting the density of a solid? A
g/cm3 B g/cm C g/L2 D g/mm2
68
2B Bio A 11/06
Louis Pasteurs Experiment Like many other
scientific breakthroughs, the discovery of
immunization happened by accident. In 1880
Louis Pasteur was trying to protect chickens from
cholera. To study the disease, Pasteur and his
assistants gave injections of cholera bacteria to
several groups of chickens. The chickens usually
died from cholera after being injected with the
bacteria. However, one group of chickens
survived. Pasteur noticed that these chickens
had been injected with a six-week old batch of
cholera bacteria. Pasteurs assistants
prepared new colonies of cholera bacteria and
injected these chickens a second time. They also
injected a group of chickens that had not been
previously injected. Pasteur was surprised that
the chickens that had been injected previously
with the old bacteria remained healthy, while all
the chickens in the second group became sick and
died. This is how Pasteur came to discover
that exposure to weakened pathogens can provide
immunity from disease. The idea was later used
to protect animals from serious diseases. Today
immunizations help protect people from many
illnesses.
Which of these probably served as the most useful
data after Pasteur injected a group of chickens
with bacteria from the older culture? A The
health and behavior of the injected chickens B
The total number of cholera cases observed C The
changes in the shape and color of the bacterial
colonies D The recovery rate of chickens
previously infected with cholera
69
2B Bio C 11/06
Which piece of equipment should be used to
precisely measure 40.0 mL of a dilute sodium
hydroxide solution?
70
2B Bio G 11/06
Masses of Reactants and Products
Trial Reactant 1 Mass (g) Reactant 2 Mass (g) Product Mass (g)
1 32 24 8
2 32 24 55
3 32 24 66
4 32 24 28
The chart shows the results of a
conservation-of-mass experiment. The most
accurate trial for this experiment was --- A
Trial 1 B Trial 2 C Trial 3 D Trial 4
71
2B Bio C 11/06
Three liquids were poured into a beaker and
formed three layers. Which conclusion is best
supported by the information above? A The mass
of Liquid 2 is greater than the mass of Liquid
3. B The volume of liquid 1 is lass than the
volume of Liquid 3. C The density of Liquid 3 is
greater than the density of Liquid 2. D The
buoyancy of Liquid 2 is greater that the buoyancy
of Liquid 1.
72
2B Bio A 11/05, 11/06
Two students measured the length of the same
stick, each using a different 30 cm ruler. One
student reported a length of 22 cm, and the other
reported a length of 8 cm. The most likely
explanation for the difference in the reported
values is that one --- A student improperly
read the ruler B ruler was metal and the other
ruler was plastic C student viewed the ruler
from a different angle D ruler was constructed
with non-standard cm marks
73
2B Bio J 11/04
These data were gathered by four groups of
students. Each group performed four trials to
determine the acceleration rate of a toy car.
Which group had the most consistent data? A
Group Q B Group R C Group S D Group T
74
2B Bio C 10/06
What volume should be reported for the solution
in this graduated cylinder?

1. 64.0 mL
2. 56.2 mL
3. 56.0 mL
4. 50.6 mL

75
2B Bio B 10/06
Density of Seawater from the Gulf of Mexico
Density (g/mL) Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Trial 1 0.998 1.052 1.008 1.019
Trial 2 1.020 1.054 0.986 1.018
Trial 3 1.051 1.053 1.039 1.029
Average 1.023 1.053 1.011 1.022
The chart shows the density of seawater samples
collected from the Gulf of Mexico by four
different groups. Which groups data are most
precise?

1. Group 1
2. Group 2
3. Group 3
4. Group 4

76
2B Bio D 11/04
The table shows four mass readings of one object
as measured by four different balances. Which
balance produced the most-consistent
measurements? A Q B R C S D T
77
2B Bio B 10/03
Which of the following will allow measurement of
a liquids volume with the greatest precision? A
50 mL cylinder graduated in 1 mL increments B
100 mL cylinder graduated in 0.5 mL increments C
100 mL cylinder graduated in 1 mL increments D
200 mL cylinder graduated in 5 mL increments
78
2B Bio 2.4 11/05
The pictures above show two organisms. Measure
their body lengths to the nearest tenth of a
centimeter. What is the difference between the
body lengths of the grasshopper and the cricket
to the nearest tenth? A 2.0 cm B 2.4 cm C
6.0 cm D 3.6 cm
79
2B Bio H 11/04
F
H
J
G
Which of these will give the most precise measure
of a 10-millimeter volume?
80
2B Bio D 11/04
The illustration shows volume levels of a liquid
in a graduated cylinder before and after a sample
was removed. According to this information, what
was the volume of the sample to the nearest
millimeter? A 38 B 47 C 11 D 9
81
2B Bio D 10-04
Which of the following procedures should be used
in finding the mass of crystals? A Pour the
excess crystals back into the original
container B Put the crystals on the outer part
of the balance pan for massing C Pour wastes
down the sink with plenty of water D Use
weighing paper on the balance pan
82
2B Bio A 11/04
What is the volume reading for the solution in
the pipette? A 19.4 mL B 19.6 mL C
20.4 mL D 20.6 mL
83
2B BIO B 10-04
The cloud conditions above are typical of
locations near a warm front. According to these
data, what are the most likely sky conditions for
waco? A Cirrus clouds B Altostratus clouds C
Stratus clouds D Clear skies
84
2C Bio D
Which graph best shows the comparison of the
elements to the total composition of the copper
ore?
85
2C BIO A 10/04
The graph shows this distance traveled by a
vehicle over a certain period of time. Which
segment of the graph shows the vehicle moving
with the greatest speed? A L B M C N D O
86
2C BIO 200 11/06
The graph shows how the momentum of a given mass
change during a period of motion. According to
the information, what is the momentum in kg m/s
at 2.75 seconds? A 230 B 200 C 150 D 100
87
2C BIO D 11/06
The graph shows how the voltage needed to
maintain a constant current of 1.5 amps through a
wire conductor varies with the length of the
wire. If the trend continues, what is the most
likely voltage needed to maintain a 1.5-amp
current through 80 meters of the wire? A 10
volts B 18 volts C 250 volts D 400 volts
88
2C BIO D 11/05
According to the periodic table and the
information above, which element has this
electron configuration? A Sodium B Neon C
Magnesium D Argon
89
2C BIO A 11/06
The bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis produce
protein crystals that are toxic to the digestive
system of insects. How can these bacteria be
used to control insects in crops? A Apply the
bacteria to growing plants. B Expose the
bacteria to low levels of light. C Remove plants
from areas containing the bacteria D Treat the
bacteria with a solution of the protein crystals.
90
2C BIO B 11/05
A researcher determined the percentage of
electrical energy transformed into different
forms of energy by a toaster. The best way to
communicate these results is to display the data
using a ---
A histogram B circle graph C line graph D
box-whisker graph
91
2C IPC 11/06
Use the information below and your knowledge of
science to answer the next question
Gas Sylvestre Early alchemists were able to
produce various kinds of gases by mixing
different substances together. However, it was
not until the early 1600s that a Belgian
physician, J.B. van Helmont, first used the term
gas. Van Helmont concentrated his study on a
gas he obtained from burning wood. He called
this substance gas sylvestre, which means gas
from wood. He demonstrated that gas sylvestre
also formed when limestone reacted with an acid
solution. Van Helmont determined that the gas
was denser than air and occurred naturally in the
lower chambers of the Grotto del Cane, a cave in
Italy. He noticed that the atmosphere in the
lower cave did not support animal life. He also
observed that the process of fermentation
produced gas sylvestre. Today gas sylvestre is
known by a more familiar name carbon dioxide.
Center for Microscale Gas Chemistry, Department
of Chemistry, Creightion UniversityOmaha,
Nebraska 68178. http//mattson.creighton.edu/Hist
ory_Gas_Chemistry/vanHelmont.html
92
2C IPC B 11/06
Properties of Some Gases
Gas Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Chlorine
Molecular Mass (amu) 2 32 44 71
Density (g/L, at 0C) 0.09 1.43 1.98 3.21
Boiling Point (C) -253 -183 -78 -35
Solubility in Water (L/L H2O at 20C) 0.02 0.03 0.88 2.30
sublimes (changes directly from solid into
gas)
Which of these statements is best supported by
the information in the table?

• Carbon dioxide an oxygen have similar chemical
  properties.
• The density of the gases increases as their
  molecular mass increases.
• Chlorine and hydrogen boil at the same
  temperature.
• The solubility of the gases decreases as their
  density increases.

93
2C BIO C 11/04
94
2C BIO C 11/04
95
2C BIO A 10/04
96
2C BIO D 11/04
A
B
D
C
97
2C BIO D 10/04
98
2C BIO B 10/04
Enzyme X Enzyme Y Enzyme Z Pathway
in Neurospora Precursor Ornithine Citrulline Argi
nine
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Supplement to Minimal Medium No supplement added Ornithine added Citrulline added Arginie added
Growth to Mutant Neurospora No growth No growth Growth present Growth present
The diagram above shows the biochemical pathway
that produces arginine, an amino acid required by
an organism called Neurospora. The table shows
the response of a mutant strain of Neurospora to
supplements in its food supply. This mutant
strain must lack the enzyme that acts on ---
A the precursor B ornithine C citrulline D
arginine
99
2C BIO H 10/04
Observing an approaching thunderstorm and using a
stopwatch, a student finds that it takes 8.40
seconds for thunder to be heard after a lightning
bolt strikes. The student has learned that it
takes 3.0 seconds for sound to travel 1000 m.
How far away is the storm?
A 119 m B 185 m C 2800 m D 8400 m
www.weatherstreet.com www.weatherquestions.com/wha
t_causes_lightning.htm
100
2C BIO B 10/06
The graph shows mercury levels found in
sediments, prey animals, and adult shorebirds in
a bay along the Gulf Coast. Which inference can
best be drawn from these data?

1. Mercury levels are elevated by the presence of
   shorebirds.
2. Mercury concentrations are highest in shorebirds.
3. Mercury is produced by sediments.
4. Mercury assures the survival of prey animals.

101
2C BIO C 10/06
Average Radius of Trees in a Forest
Age of trees (years Average Radius (cm)
1 2.2
2 2.6
3
4
5
6 4.4
The data table shows how the thickness of tree
trunks in a certain forest is related to tree
age. Use these data to plot points on a graph.
Draw a straight line to show a linear
relationship for the data. According to these
data, what is the most likely average radius of
4-year-old trees in this forest?

1. 3.0 cm
2. 3.3 cm
3. 3.6 cm
4. 3.9 cm

102
2C BIO B 11/04
According to this information, what is the best
prediction for the boiling point of the
seven-carbon alcohol?
A 169oC B 178oC C 186oC D 192oC
103
2C BIO B 11/04
Decay of a 10-Gram Sample of Carbon-14
Mass of Remaining Carbon-14 (grams)
Time (thousands of years)
According to the graph, what is the approximate
half-life of carbon-14?
A 5.7 years B 5,700 years C 23,000 years D
1,000,000 years
104
2C BIO D 11/04
Enzyme X Enzyme Y Enzyme
Z Base Substance Ornithine
Citrulline Arginine
This diagram shows the biochemical pathway that
produces arginine in Neurospora, a mold.
Neurospora is easily grown on a simple jelly-like
medium. Different substances can be added to the
medium. A mutant Neurospora lacking Enzyme Y
would have to have which of these added to its
medium in order to survive?
A Enzyme X B Ornithine C Enzyme Z D
Citrulline
105
2C BIO C 11-04
Spring Stretch
Force (N) ?L (cm)
0.98 3.5
1.96 7.0
2.94 10.5
According to the data in the table, about how far
can a spring be expected to stretch when a force
of 3.92 N is applied?
A 10.5 cm B 13.6 cm C 14.0 cm D 17.3 cm
106
2C BIO C 11-05
107
2C BIO A 10-03
108
2C BIO C 10-04
109
2C Bio F 10-04
110
2C Bio B 10/04
111
Watersheds The San Antonio-Nueces Coastal
Basin, shown in the map below, consists mainly of
flatland. The soil in the area is mostly sandy
and porous. Rainfall that collects in this area
drains into the Gulf of Mexico by a series of
waterways. The San Antonio-Nueces Coastal
Basin is one of more than 20 major watersheds in
Texas. A watershed is a geographic area that
drains water collected on its surface.
Watersheds provide a way for water to move from
areas of higher elevation to areas of lower
elevation. Sediment and dissolved materials are
also moved to lower elevations. Rivers and
streams form a general pattern within a
watershed. The map shows this general pattern
within the San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin.
This type of pattern is called a dendritic
pattern and can be observed in many natural
structures, including the network of nerves in
the human nervous system and branching patterns
in trees. Watersheds can change as the
geography and other features of an area change.
Some of the causes of change are more obvious
than others. For example, the clearing of wooded
areas for the construction of buildings may
change the way rainfall collects and drains from
an area.
2C Bio D 10/06
In which general direction do rivers flow in this
watershed?

1. North
2. West
3. Northwest
4. Southeast

112
2C Bio C 11/05
113
2C Bio G 11/06
114
2C Bio A 11/05
115
2C Bio A 11/06
116
2C Bio D 11/05
117
2C Bio B 11/04
118
2C Bio B
119
2D Bio F 10-04
120
2D Bio J 10/03
121
2D Bio A 11/06
122
2D Bio A 10/06
A Student prepared this graph of tornadoes
reported over a 50-year period in a mid-western
state. Which statement is supported by these
data?

1. Tornadoes are less frequent in the morning.
2. Darkness increases the strength of tornadoes.
3. Tornadoes occurring at night are brief.
4. The probability of a tornado is the same
   throughout the day.

123
2D Bio A/F 11/06
124
2D Bio A 11/06
125
2D Bio F 10/05
126
2D Bio H 11/06
127
2D Bio G 11/06
128
2D Bio F 10/05
129
2D Bio F 11/05
130
2D Bio J 11/05
131
2D Bio J 11/05
132
2D Bio D 10/06
Time (min) Mass of Alcohol and beaker (g)
0 73.97
5 73.46
10 72.94
20 71.91
30 70.88
40 69.85
Mass of beaker 59.02 g
These data show how the mass of an undisturbed
beaker of alcohol varied during a class period.
Which of the following is the best conclusion
that can be made about the investigation?

1. The beaker absorbed moisture from the air.
2. A chemical change occurred in the beaker.
3. The beaker experienced a change of state.
4. Some material evaporated from the beaker.

133
2D Bio C 11/05
134
2D Bio C 11/05
135
2D Bio A 11/04
136
2D Bio G 11/05
137
2D Bio F 11/04
138
2D Bio B 11/04
A certain commercial product used for cleaning
ovens must be handled with rubber gloves. The
product is slippery and turns litmus paper blue.
It probably contains ---
A an acid B a base C a salt D an isotope
139
2D Bio C 11-04
140
2D Bio H 10-03
141
2D Bio J 10-03
142
2D Bio C
143
2D Bio H
144
2D Bio B 10-03
145
3. Scientific ProcessesIntegrated Physics and
Chemistry

• The student uses critical thinking and scientific
  problem solving to make informed decisions. The
  student is expected to
• analyze, review, and critique scientific
  explanations, including hypotheses and theories,
  as to their strengths and weaknesses using
  scientific evidence and information
• B) draw inferences based on data related to
  promotional materials for products and services

146
3A IPC B 10/04
147
3A IPC A 11/05
148
3A IPC H 11/05
149
3A IPC C 11/06
150
4B IPC 11/05
Ancient Greeks and Science
The ancient Greeks developed a set of
assumptions, based on observations to explain how
the universe works. These observations led the
Greeks to believe that the universe was composed
of four elements earth, water, fire, and air.
The theory of natural place was based on their
observations of those four elements. The theory
stated that anything not in its natural place
would move toward its natural place as soon as an
opportunity arose. The theory of natural place
was the foundation for the modern understanding
of the elements. The following chart describes
some observations and assumptions made by the
ancient Greeks.
151
4B IPC D 11/05
Object Observation Assumption
Rock Found in or on the ground if not on the ground, rocks move toward it at first opportunity Rocks are made of earth and seek the ground, their natural place.
Water Flows over land Water has its natural place on the ground.
Fire Flames flicker upward the greater the fire, the higher the flames Fires natural place is in the heavens, above the atmosphere.
Air Blows across the land if trapped in water, escapes at first opportunity Airs natural place is in the space above the ground.
Burning wood Gives off smoke, heat and ash Tree limbs are made of fire, earth, and air.
Smoke Found in fires if not confined, rises or moves across the land Smoke is made of fire and air.
Feather Floats to the ground Feathers are made of air and earth.
Which of these fails to support the idea that
waters natural place is on the ground?
A hailstones B rain C waterfalls D clouds
152
3A IPC A 10-03
153
3A IPC F 10-04
154
3A IPC D 11/06
155
Watersheds The San Antonio-Nueces Coastal
Basin, shown in the map below, consists mainly of
flatland. The soil in the area is mostly sandy
and porous. Rainfall that collects in this area
drains into the Gulf of Mexico by a series of
waterways. The San Antonio-Nueces Coastal
Basin is one of more than 20 major watersheds in
Texas. A watershed is a geographic area that
drains water collected on its surface.
Watersheds provide a way for water to move from
areas of higher elevation to areas of lower
elevation. Sediment and dissolved materials are
also moved to lower elevations. Rivers and
streams form a general pattern within a
watershed. The map shows this general pattern
within the San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin.
This type of pattern is called a dendritic
pattern and can be observed in many natural
structures, including the network of nerves in
the human nervous system and branching patterns
in trees. Watersheds can change as the
geography and other features of an area change.
Some of the causes of change are more obvious
than others. For example, the clearing of wooded
areas for the construction of buildings may
change the way rainfall collects and drains from
an area.
3A IPC D 10/06
Results of a Scientific Study In natural areas
such as forests, about 50 of the rain seeps into
the ground and becomes groundwater. In some
large cities only about 30 of the rain becomes
groundwater.
The information above could be used most
effectively in arguing against which of these
proposals?

1. Adding chemicals to a local water supply
2. Permitting a water well to be drilled in a state
   park
3. Limiting the use of waterways for recreation
4. Paving a meadow to create a parking area

156
3A IPC G 10-03
157
3A IPC
The smell of an ammonia solution used to clean a
floor can quickly be detected throughout a house.
Scientists explain this phenomenon by theorizing
that gas molecules from the ammonia are in
continuous random high-speed motion, drifting
rapidly and permeating the air. Which statement
best demonstrates the strength of this theory?

1. Scientists have observed tiny smoke particles
   moved by unseen particles in a rapid, irregular
   fashion.
2. Scientists have unanimously agreed on this theory
   since Thomas Grahams experiments in the 1820s.
3. The possibility of another theory being formed to
   explain the phenomenon as well is very remote.
4. Reason, as opposed to experimentation, is
   superior to any explanation found through
   chemical testing.

158
3A IPC
The smell of an ammonia solution used to clean a
floor can quickly be detected throughout a house.
Scientists explain this phenomenon by theorizing
that gas molecules from the ammonia are in
continuous random high-speed motion, drifting
rapidly and permeating the air. Which statement
best demonstrates the strength of this theory?

1. Scientists have observed tiny smoke particles
   moved by unseen particles in a rapid, irregular
   fashion.
2. Scientists have unanimously agreed on this theory
   since Thomas Grahams experiments in the 1820s.
3. The possibility of another theory being formed to
   explain the phenomenon as well is very remote.
4. Reason, as opposed to experimentation, is
   superior to any explanation found through
   chemical testing.

159
3A IPC C 03
160
3A IPC J 11/06
161
3A IPC D 10/06
Conclusion Food poisoning by botulism is
increasing in the United States.
The graph shows data for botulism, a form of
blood poisoning. The conclusion in the box is
based on these data. Which of the following is
the best reason this conclusion may be unreliable?

1. The greatest number of reported cases was 50.
2. The number of reported botulism cases remained
   relatively constant from 1988 to 1995.
3. More botulism cases were reported in the 1980s
   than in the 1990s.
4. The number of reported botulism cases decreased
   after 1994.

162
3A IPC G 11/06
163
3B IPC G
164
3B IPC D 10/06
165
3B IPC F 10/06
166
3B IPC B 10/06
167
3B IPC D 11/06
168
3B IPC B 10/06
Save Our Species Poster Black-Footed
Ferret This slender animal depends mainly on
prairie dogs for food and shelter. The ferret
lives in prairie dogs underground tunnels and
hunts them at night. When prairie dogs became
scarce, so did black-footed ferrets. In 1986 the
18 ferrets known to be alive were moved to a
Wyoming research institute. The number of
ferrets has increased, and recently a few were
released into managed wildlife areas.
According to the information above, which of
these is responsible for the decrease in the
black-footed ferret population?

1. Competition with prairie dogs for resources
2. Reduced numbers of prairie dogs
3. Activity of research institutes
4. Development of managed wildlife areas

169
3B IPC C 10/06

• PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT Facts About the Flu
  Vaccine
• The vaccine may be administered either as a nasal
  spray or as an injection.
• Prior to administration, nasal-spray vaccines
  must be stored at 15oC or lower.
• In an experiment, vaccine recipients had 85
  fewer flu episodes than non-recipients.
• The vaccine virus is heat sensitive and fails to
  replicate at temperatures of 38oC 39oC.

Which statement above makes the most valid
argument in favor of receiving the flu vaccine?

1. Statement 1
2. Statement 2
3. Statement 3
4. Statement 4

170
3B IPC C 11/06
171
3B IPC J 11/05
172
3B IPC D 11/06
173
3B IPC A 11/06
174
3B IPC A 11/04
175
3B IPC G 11/05
176
3B IPC C 11/04
177
3B IPC F 10-03
178
3B IPC H 10-03
179
3B IPC
Many doctors recommend 800 µg of vitamin B12, and
50 mg of vitamin B6 per day to improve
cardiovascular health. Based on this information
and the nutrition label, the cardiovascular
health benefit of a 1-ounce serving of this
cereal is ---

1. Doubtful because it provides insufficient folate
   and vitamin B6 and lacks vitamin B12
2. Superb because it contains only 22 g of
   carbohydrates and 75 mg of sodium
3. Excellent because it provides all needed vitamins
   and is low in fat and cholesterol
4. Poor because it raises blood cholesterol levels
   with its high fat and cholesterol content

180
3B IPC
Many doctors recommend 800 µg of vitamin B12, and
50 mg of vitamin B6 per day to improve
cardiovascular health. Based on this information
and the nutrition label, the cardiovascular
health benefit of a 1-ounce serving of this
cereal is ---

1. Doubtful because it provides insufficient folate
   and vitamin B6 and lacks vitamin B12
2. Superb because it contains only 22 g of
   carbohydrates and 75 mg of sodium
3. Excellent because it provides all needed vitamins
   and is low in fat and cholesterol
4. Poor because it raises blood cholesterol levels
   with its high fat and cholesterol content