Embedded Systems - Introduction

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Embedded Systems - Introduction
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System Definition A way of working, organizing
or performing one or many tasks according to a
fixed set of rules, program or plan.
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System Definition An arrangement in which all
units assemble and work together according to a
program or plan.
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Examples of Systems Time display system A
watch Automatic cloth washing system
A washing machine
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Embedded System Definition 1. An embedded
system is a system that has software embedded
into computer-hardware, which makes a system
dedicated for an application (s) or specific part
of an application or product or part of a larger
system.
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Contd..
2. An embedded system is one that has a
dedicated purpose software embedded in a computer
hardware.
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Contd..
3. It is any device that includes programmable
computer but is not itself intended to be a
general purpose computer. Wayne Wolf, Ref 61
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4. Embedded Systems are the electronic systems
that contain a microprocessor or
a microcontroller, but we do not think of them as
computers the computer is hidden or embedded in
the system. Todd D. Morton, Ref 38
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• Lets consider a Computer
• A computer is a system that has the following or
  more components.
• A microprocessor
• A large memory comprising the following
• two kinds
• (a) Primary memory (semiconductor
• memories - RAM, ROM and fast accessible
• caches)

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Contd..

• Computer
• (b) Secondary memory (magnetic memory
• located in hard disks, diskettes and cartridge
• tapes, optical memory in CD-ROM or
• memory stick (in mobile computer) using
• which different user programs can load into
• the primary memory and can be run.
• I/O units such as touch screen, modem, fax
• cum modem etc.

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Contd..

• Input units such as keyboard, mouse, digitizer,
  scanner, etc.
• Output units like LCD screen, video monitor,
  printer, etc.
• Networking units like Ethernet card, front-end
  processor-based server, bus drivers, etc.

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Contd..

• Operating system (OS).
• General purpose user interfaces and application
  software, mostly in secondary memory

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• Three main embedded components in an Embedded
  System
• Embeds hardware to give computer like
  functionalities.
• 2.Embeds main application software generally into
  flash or ROM and the application software
  performs concurrently the number of tasks.

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3. Embeds a real time operating system ( RTOS),
which supervises the application software tasks
running on the hardware and organizes the
accesses to system resources according to
priorities and timing constraints of tasks in the
system.
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Real Time Operating System(RTOS) An RTOS is an
OS for response time controlled and event
controlled processes. Software for a large
number of small-scale embedded systems use no
RTOS and these functions are incorporated into
the application software.
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• Enables execution of concurrent processes or
  threads or tasks
• Provides a mechanism to let the processor run
  each process as per scheduling and to do
  context-switch between the various processes
  (threads or tasks)

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• RTOS sets the rules during execution
• RTOS is necessary for large-scale embedded
  systems. It is essential when
• I/O management with devices, files and
  mail-boxes becomes simple using a RTOS.
• scheduling of multiple processes and devices

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RTOS v/s General Purpose OS 

• Determinism 
•   Task Scheduling
•   Preemptive kernel
• 4.   Priority Inversion
• 5. Usage

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Sophisticated Embedded System Characteristics
(1) Dedicated functions (2) Dedicated complex
algorithms (3)Dedicated (GUIs) and other user
interfaces for the application
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(4) Real time operations Defines the ways in
which the system works, reacts to the events and
interrupts, schedules the system functioning in
real time and executes by following a plan to
control the latencies and to meet the deadlines.
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Contd..
(5) Multi-rate operations -Different operations
may take place at distinct rates. For example,
the audio, video, network data or stream and
events have the different rates and time
constraints to finish associated processes..
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• Constraints of an Embedded System Design
• Available system-memory
• Available processor speed
• Limited power dissipation when running the
  system continuously in cycles of the system
  start, wait for event, wake-up and run, sleep and
  stop.

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• Performance
• power
• size
• non-recurring design cost, and manufacturing
  costs

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PROCESSOR IN EMBEDDEDSYSTEM

• Processor is the heart of embedded system
• Processor has two essential units
• Control Unit(CU)
• Execution Unit(EU)

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• Program Flow and data path (CU) Control
  Unitincludes a fetch unit for fetching
  instructions from the memory.

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• Execution Unit (EU) includes circuits for
  arithmetic and logical unit (ALU), and for
  instructions for a program control task, say,
  data transfer instructions, halt, interrupt, or
  jump to another set of instructions or call to
  another routine or sleep or reset.

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A Processor is in the form of an IC or it could
be in core form in an Application Specific
Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or System on Chip
(SoC). An embedded processor chip or core can
be one of the following
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• General Purpose Processor (GPP) instruction
  set designed not specific to the applications.
• example Microprocessor

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• A Microprocessor is a single VLSI chip that has
  a CPU and has some other units such as caches,
  pipelining and super scaling units.
• is an essential part of a computing system.
• Intel 80x86 family, ARM, 68HCxxx family.

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2. Application Specific Instruction-set Processor
(ASIP) is a processor with instruction set
designed for specific applications on a VLSI
chip. Examples micro controller embedded
micro controller DSP and media processor
Network processor IO processor or
domain-specific programmable processor

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• A Microcontroller is an integrated chip (IC)
  that has a processor, memory and several other
  hardware units in it such as timers, watchdog
  timer, interrupt controller, ADC or PWM .
• is an essential component of a control or
  communication circuit.
• 8051, 8051 MX, 68HC11xx, PIC18

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Various functional circuits in a microcontroller
chip
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Commonly used exemplary microcontrollers in small
scale embedded Systems
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• 3. Single Purpose Processors or additional
  processors
• Examples
• Coprocessors used for graphic processing,
  floating point processing, encrypting,
  deciphering, discrete cosine transformation and
  inverse transformation on TCP/IP protocol
  stacking and networking connecting functions.

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• Accelerator Java codes accelerator
• Controllers for peripherals, direct memory
  access and buses

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4. GPP or ASIP cores integrated into either an
ASIC or VLSI circuit or a Field Programmable
Gate Array (FPGA) core integrated with processor
units in a VLSI chip. 5. Application Specific
system Processor (ASSP) 6.Multi core processors
or multi processors.
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Embedded hardware units and Devices in a system

• Power source
• A power supply source or charge pump is essential
  in every system.
• The systems which do not have power supply of
  their own are powered by the use of charge pumps
  or they connect to external power supply.

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• 2. Clock Oscillator circuit and Clocking units
• the clock controls the time for executing an
  instruction.
• also controls the various clocking requirements
  of CPU, of system timers, CPU machine cycles.
• A processor needs a clock oscillator circuit to
  establish a reference frequency used for timing
  purposes.

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• 3. System timers and Real-Time Clock(RTC)
• to schedule the various tasks and for real time
  programming , an RTC or system clock is needed.
• A timer circuit is configured as system clock ,
  which ticks and generates interrupts
  periodically.

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• 4. Reset circuit , Power-up Reset and Watchdog
  timer Reset
• Reset circuit can change the Program Counter
  (PC) to a power-up default value.
• A program that is reset and runs on a power-up
  can be one of the following
• i) system program that executes from the
  beginning.
• ii) A system boot-up program
• iii) A system initialization program

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• Reset
• Processor begins the processing of instructions
  from a starting address.
• The reset circuit can be activated by any one
  of the following
• software instruction
• time-out by a programmable timer known as
  watchdog timer.
• a clock monitor detecting a slow down below
  certain frequencies.

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Watchdog Timer A timing device that resets the
system after a predefined timeout. Helps in
rescuing the system if a fault develops.
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Memory a. Functions Assigned to the ROM or EPROM
or Flash 1. Storing 'Application' program from
where the processor fetches the instruction
codes. 2. Storing codes for system
booting, initializing, Initial input data and
Strings.
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3. Storing Codes for RTOS. 4. Storing Pointers
(addresses) of various service routines.
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• b. Functions Assigned to the Internal, External
  and Buffer RAM
• Storing the variables during program run,
• Storing the stacks,
• Storing input or output buffers for example,
• for speech or image .

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• c. Functions Assigned to the EEPROM or Flash
• Storing non-volatile results of processing

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d. Functions Assigned to the Caches 1.
Storing copies of the instructions, data
and branch-transfer instructions in advance from
external memories and 2. Storing temporarily the
results in write back caches during fast
processing
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e. Functions Assigned to Memory Stick It stores
high definition video, images, songs, Or
speeches after a suitable format compression And
stores large persistent data. in digital
camera, mobile computing system