Islam: Its Arrival and History

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IslamIts Arrival and History
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Stop and Think

• What preconceived notions do you have about the
  religion on Islam?
• How did you develop those preconceived notions?

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Monotheism

• As we have seen, the Middle East was subject to
  several monotheistic beliefs.
• Traces religion back to Abraham and Ishmael
• Important prophets Adam, Moses, Abraham, Jesus
• Muhammad is the last of the prophets
• Jews and Christians respected as People of the
  Book.

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Bedouins of Arabia

• Nomadic tribes and clans moving from oases to
  oases (governed by shaykhs elders)
• Use of the camel for long distance travel
• Conducted raids on rival tribes and caravans
• Governed by code of muruwwa bravery in battle,
  patience in misfortune, persistence in revenge,
  protection of the weak, defiance toward the
  strong, and hospitality toward the visitor
• Love of poetry annual time of peace for poetry
  festivals important to the development of Arabic

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John Singer Sargents Bedouins
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Early Islam

• As we have noted, at age 40 Mohammed receives the
  word of Allah from the Angel Gabriel on Mt. Hira.
• This word will take several years to receive.
• These divine revelations will become the
  Quran/Koran.
• Once he receives that word, he will take to the
  city of Mecca to teach what he is told is the
  final word of Allah.
• How is he treated by the Meccans?

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                                                                                  Prophet and founder of Islam
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Early Converts to Islam

• Khadija Muhammads wife (she passed away before
  he did) he would take as many as 10 other wives
  (widows of his soldiers to support them)
• Ali Muhammads cousin (son of Abu-Talib)
• Abu-Bakr close friend of Muhammad (Muhammad
  would marry Abu-Bakrs daughter Aisha, who was
  regarded as his favorite wife)
• Umar an imposing figure from a weak clan
• Uthman elegant but quiet youth of the Umayyad
  family (powerful)

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Meccan Opposition

• Mecca pilgrimage site, home of the Kaba
  large stone structure that houses 360 idols
• Arabs were polytheists and visited Mecca annually
  (hajj pilgrimage) to pay respects to gods
• Muhammads message of only one god did not match
  with previous religious beliefs would interfere
  with lucrative pilgrim/tourism industry
• Muhammad shielded by uncle Abu-Talib
  (influential) of Hashimite Clan
• After uncles death, rival clan and angry
  merchants plot to kill Muhammad

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Kaaba
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Hijra Leaving for Medina

• Muhammad, known for honesty, invited to Medina to
  mediate between its two pagan tribes
• Muhammad and followers leave Mecca and relocate
  to Medina
• Muhammads following grows in Medina eventually
  his original Meccan followers want to go back

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Review of Mohammed

• Muhammad returns with an army to Mecca. The
  Meccans surrender without a fight.
• Kaba purged of its idols

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Principles of Islam

• 5 Pillars What they are and who must complete
  them.

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Worshipping Only One God

• Allah God same God of Jews and Christians
• Must love Allah more than anything even family
• Similar to Judaism and Christianity (Love the
  Lord your God with all your heart, soul, mind,
  and strength)

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Witnessing/Profession of Faith (Shahadah)

• This means, "I bear witness that there is no God
  other than Allah, and I bear witness that
  Mohammed is His messenger."
• This profession of faith is part of the daily
  prayers.

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Prayer

• Is required 5 times per day
•   1.Fajr-Before sunrise.    2.Zuhr-After the
  sun begins to decline from its zenith.   
  3.Asr-Mid-afternoon.    4.Magrib-Just after
  sunset.    5.Isha-night.

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Charity- Almsgiving

• Obligatory charity giving is an act of worship
  and spiritual investment
• The recipients of charity are
• - the poor, the needy, - the new Muslim
  converts, - the Muslim prisoners of war (to
  liberate them), - Muslims in debt, - employees
  appointed to collect Zakah, - Muslims in service
  of research or study or propagation of Islam, -
  wayfarers who are foreigners in need of help.

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Almsgiving Similar to Judaism and Christianity

• Psalms The Lord loves a cheerful giver
• Jews were supposed to leave extra grain after the
  harvest for the poor and foreigners
• Every seventh year was a Year of Jubilee in which
  Jews were supposed to forgive debtors
• Jesus chastised the rich for ignoring the poor
  and gave parables about how the poor would see
  God and the rich that ignored them would burn in
  hell
• Paul commanded Christian churches to provide for
  widows

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Fasting

• Fasting is abstaining completely from eating,
  drinking, and intimate sexual contacts from the
  break of dawn till sunset.
• Obligatory fasting is done once a year for the
  period of the month of Ramadan.
• The month when Muhammad began to receive visions

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The Hajj

• Each Muslim is required (if financially and
  physically able) to make a Hajj.
• This is a journey to Mecca
• It is to commemorate the Divine rituals observed
  by the Prophet Abraham and his son Ishmael, who
  were the first pilgrims to the house of Allah on
  earth the Ka'bah.
• It is also to remember the great assembly of the
  Day of Judgement when people will stand equal
  before Allah.

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Other Rules Ways of Pleasing God

• No eating pork It is a filthy creature
• No sexual immorality No sex outside of marriage
  (men and women worshipped separately at the
  mosque women kept hair covered and wore veils
  although this was common in pre-Islamic Arabia
  too)
• No drinking intoxicating substances or using
  drugs
• All similar to Judaism and Christianity

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Day of Judgment

• All living people will die all souls will be
  judged
• Only the righteous will go to heaven meeting
  Allah, beautiful, good food and plenty to drink,
  beautiful maidens for the righteous men
  righteous women will be transformed to the age at
  which they were most beautiful
• Hell scorching, torment by demons, boiling
  water to drink, noxious food separation from
  Allah
• Heaven or hell for eternity

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Christianity and Hell

• Jesus is the only way to God the Father only
  way to heaven
• All have sinned and fallen short of the glory of
  God, perfect and holy
• Must accept that Jesus is Son of God, who died
  for sins and ask for forgiveness/repent
• Anyone who does not do this cannot go to heaven
  therefore hell
• Last Judgment separates the people who are
  forgiven (by following Jesus) from those who are
  not

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Muslims Issues with Judaism and Christianity

• Torah written over time made the Jews Gods
  Chosen People (Muslims disagree)
• Gospels written some time after Jesus death
  made Jesus the Son of God (Muslims disagree
  Jesus was a great prophet and divinely inspired,
  but Allah has no children)
• Jews and Christians are People of the Book but
  misguided
• Quran was given to Muhammad directly final
  authority on God/Allah corrected mistakes (ex.
  Ishmael was the favored son of Abraham not Isaac
  as Jews and Christians believe)

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Muhammads Visit to Jerusalem

• Muhammad said that in vision one night it was if
  he was carried from the Kaba to Jerusalems
  Temple Mount
• He ascended through seven levels of heaven
• He met great biblical figures Moses, Aaron,
  Enoch, Jesus, John the Baptist, and Abraham and
  then entered the presence of God
• Muhammad originally had Muslims face Jerusalem to
  do their prayers
• Problems with Jews in Mecca and Medina
  conspiracies to challenge his power joining up
  with rival Arab armies Muhammad begins to take
  hard line against Jews
• Mecca becomes new qibla

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Dome of the Rock
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Dome of the Rock, Temple Mount in Jerusalem

• Dome is over the Foundation Stone, from which
  Muhammad ascended to heaven
• The crevices are from the hand of Gabriel, who
  held down the rock from ascending with Muhammad
• Built in 691 at the order of Arabian Umayyad
  caliph (head follower of Islam political leader)
  Abd al-Malik

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Dome of the Rock Exterior Wall
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Islamic Spread

• As you will notice from the previous slide, Islam
  will spread throughout Europe.
• It will go as far as the the Western parts of
  Spain.
• Islam was and is the fastest growing religion on
  the planet.
• Currently estimated to have over 1 billion
  followers

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Islam Spread

• How did the religion grow into an empire of the
  Middle Ages?
• Who led after Muhammad? How would this be
  decided?
• What were these leaders called? How were they
  connected to the Prophet?

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Battle of Badr Background

• Muhammads forces had been raiding caravans
  travelling to Mecca
• Early failures then success
• Even attacked during holy month when pagan Arabs
  would visit Mecca, which was forbidden

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Battle of Badr Background

• How did Muhammand justify this?
• Quranic revelation They will question you about
  the holy month and fighting in it, Say Fighting
  in it is wrong, but to bar from Gods way, and
  disbelief in Him, and the sacred Kaba, and to
  expel its people from it --- that is more wicked
  in Gods sight and persecution is more wicked
  than killing. (QURAN, 2213)

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Battle of Badr

• Muslims were preparing to raid a rich Umayyad
  caravan returning from Syria
• Mecca sent an army of 1,000 against Muslims in
  mean time
• Muhammads forces 86 emigrants, 238 ansars
  (citizen/helpers of the Prophet)
• Battle at oasis called Badr
• Muslim victory clever tactics, belief that God
  was behind them

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Battles Between Mecca and Muslims

• Meccans retaliated won Battle of Uhud 625
• 627 - Meccans sent invasion force against Medina
  Muslims dug wide trench around city that horses
  and camels could not cross returned home
  demoralized
• Arab tribes began severing ties with Mecca and
  establishing treaties with Muhammad

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Muhammad, Islam, and Jews

• Muhammads relations with Jews in Medina began to
  deteriorate (Jews did not accept totality of his
  visions)
• Expelled a tribe of Jews for conspiring with
  Meccans at Battle of Badr
• Expelled a tribe after the Muslims defeat at Uhud
• Last tribe of Jews in Mecca accused of
  conspiring with Meccans when they tried to seize
  Medina
• All men killed property confiscated women and
  children sold into slavery

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Jews People of the Book?

• Why did Muhammad treat the Jews this way?
• They were armed they could have undermined
  Muhammads precarious control of Medina.
• An advisor actually coveted Jewish property and
  put Muhammad against that last group (the one
  that was punished most harshly)
• Muhammads prestige grew Arabs trusted him
  knew that he was not afraid to get revenge
  against betrayers

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Death of the Prophet

• Muhammad never planned for a successor he was
  the last Prophet.
• His last speech O ye men, listen to my words
  and take them to heart Every Muslim is a brother
  to every other Muslim and you are now one
  brotherhood.
• Appointed Abu-Bakr, father of Aisha and his best
  friend to lead prayers
• Retired to Aishas room died June 8, 632

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Caliphs Followers of the Prophet

• Caliph title for the leaders who followed after
  Muhammad
• The Four Righteous Caliphs
• Abu-Bakr
• Umar
• Uthman
• Ali

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Abu-Bakr (632 634)

• Led prayers while the Prophet was sick
  father-in-law and best friend an early believer
  Umar an outspoken follower pushed for Abu-Bakr
  to be chosen
• Took the title khalifat rasul Allah (successor of
  the messenger of God) origins of the word
  caliph
• Also known as amir al-muminin commander of the
  believers
• Arabs tribes tried to break away ridda
  (apostasy) didnt want to pay zakat
• Ridda Wars costly, but Muslims reconquered
  every rebel tribe and then forgave them

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Umar (632-644)

• Sends out the Arab tribes (uses their cultural
  combative energies and trend toward
  conquest/raiding) to conquer territories
• Umar pronounces a jihad to expand the ummas
  (Muslim community) lands
• Captures Romes (Byzantine Empire) Middle Eastern
  Possessions (Palestine Jerusalem, Syria, Egypt,
  and Cyrenaica part of modern-day Libya)

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Umars Achievements

• Expanded the territories of the umma
• Enriched the umma
• Held the umma together by utilizing the fighting
  spirit of the Arab tribes and enriching them
• Established military bases with soldiers
  stationed throughout the Middle East
• Created shura electoral committee to choose
  third caliph Islam democratic?

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Umar

• Slept on a bed of palm leaves
• Wore the same wool shirt until it had holes and
  patches in it
• Known to govern with a whip if people behaved
  impiously

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Uthman (644-656)

• From Umayyad clan of Mecca defied his clan and
  became one Muhammads (Muhammad was from the
  Hashimite clan) early followers recall that the
  powerful Umayyads did not want to convert right
  away because they would lose power over Mecca
• Amassed estates worth over 100 million

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Uthman

• Built Islams first navy to conquer Cyprus
• Established one definitive version of Quran
  order all variations burnt
• Troubled caliphate garrison towns began to plot
  against him (not quite as forceful personality as
  Umar)
• Appointed relatives to govern territories (some
  lusted after power, others lacked ability to
  rule)
• Complex time in the empire (more money than
  Muhammad ever envisioned greed and vice with so
  many people)
• Revolt in Kufa spread to Medina rebels from
  Egypt broke in and killed him and his wife as
  they recited prayers

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Ali (656-661)

• Muhammads cousin (son of Abu-Talib, Muhammads
  uncle in Mecca who protected him) first male
  convert
• Husband of the Prophets daughter, Fatima
• Father of Muhammads only grandsons, Hasan and
  Husayn
• Went with the Prophet on early expeditions
  advised the caliphs
• A rival who others proclaimed caliph Mu-awiya
• Murdered by Kharjite (seceder)

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After the Surrender of Mecca
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Put a bow on the box

• What about Islam have we learned?
• What has made it the most rapidly growing
  religion in the history of the face of the earth?
• Predict where Islam is heading..