Ch. 50 Intro to Ecology

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Ch. 50 Intro to Ecology
I am the Lorax. I speak for the trees. I speak
for the trees, for the trees have no tongues.
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Ecology

• Study of relationships between organisms and
  their environments.
• These interactions determine both the
  distribution of organisms and their abundance

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Ecosystem Organization
Biosphere
Biome
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
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Subfields of Ecology

• Organismal ecology
• Studies how an organisms structure, physiology,
  and (for animals) behavior meet the challenges
  posed by the environment

Figure 50.3a
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• Population ecology
• Concentrates mainly on factors that affect how
  many individuals of a particular species live in
  an area

Figure 50.3b
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• Community ecology
• Deals with the whole array of interacting species
  in a community

(c) Community ecology.What factors influencethe
diversity of speciesthat make up aparticular
forest?
Figure 50.3c
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Symbiosis

• living together
• Three major kinds of symbiosis
• Mutualism-both species benefit
• Commensalism-one species benefits and the other
  is neither helped nor harmed
• Parasitism-one species benefits at the expense of
  another
• Predator-Prey Relationship

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• Ecosystem ecology
• Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among
  the various biotic and abiotic components

(d) Ecosystem ecology. Whatfactors control
photosyntheticproductivity in a
temperategrassland ecosystem?
Figure 50.3d
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Biotic vs. Abiotic

• Biotic factors all living organisms in an
  environment
• Abiotic Factorsnonliving factors in an
  environment
• Air
• Temperature
• Water
• pH
• Light
• Soil

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• Climate patterns can be described on two scales
• Macroclimate, patterns on the global, regional,
  and local level
• Microclimate, very fine patterns, such as those
  encountered by the community of organisms
  underneath a fallen log

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Global Climate Patterns

• Earth is divided into climate zones depending on
  the angle (intensity) of sunlight (solar energy)

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• Seasons are the result of Earths tilt and the
  movement in space

Figure 50.10
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• Air circulation and wind patterns play major
  parts in determining the Earths climate patterns
  and distinguish the climate zones.

Figure 50.10
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• Landscape ecology (Biomes)
• Deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are
  arranged in a geographic region

Figure 50.3e
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Biosphere

• Portion of Earth that supports life

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• Earths aquatic biomes

Figure 50.15
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• Aquatic biomes
• Account for the largest part of the biosphere in
  terms of area
• Can contain fresh or salt water
• Oceans
• Cover about 75 of Earths surface
• Have an enormous impact on the biosphere

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• Many aquatic biomes
• Are stratified into zones or layers defined by
  light penetration, temperature, and depth

Figure 50.16a, b
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Figure 50.17
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Terrestrial Biomes have similar climates
(temperature and rainfall) and organisms.
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Is the temperature of each Biome Hot, moderate,
or cold?

• Tundra - Cold
• Desert - Hot
• Temperate Grassland - Moderate
• Tropical savanna - Hot
• Taiga - Cold
• Temperate forest - Moderate
• Tropical rainforest - Hot

• Tundra -
• Desert -
• Temperate Grassland -
• Tropical savanna -
• Taiga -
• Temperate forest -
• Tropical rainforest -

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Figure 50.20
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Figure 50.20
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Figure 50.20
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Figure 50.20
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TUNDRA
Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn
Figure 50.20