MOTION ANALYSIS

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MOTION ANALYSIS

• BY
• DR. AJAY KUMAR
• READER
• SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL EDU.

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KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

• A kinesiological analysis of a motor skill
  consist of breaking the skill into its
  constituent elements, of determining the nature
  of each movement and identifying the appropriate
  mechanical and anatomical principles.

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POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND

• What joints are involved
• What are their exact movement in motion
• Are any joint used their full range
• What muscles are responsible for joint action
• What are the nature of contraction of each muscle
• Do any of the muscle group exert maximal or near
  maximal effort

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POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND (cont)

• What anatomical and mechanical principles
  contribute for maximal efficiency and accuracy
  (their identification, their faults and their
  correction)
• What principles are directly related to avoidance
  of injuries

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Mechanical Analysis

• The mechanical analysis of an activity involves
  the identification of laws and principles which
  help to explain the most appropriate form for the
  execution of the activity and to identify the
  mechanical reason for success or failure.

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Biomechanical Analysis

• Biomechanical analysis is the process of
  identifying both the internal as well as external
  forces coming into play during the performance
  and the effect produced by these forces on that
  performance.

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WHY MAKE ANALYSIS

• As an aid to effective teaching
• Provide instructor a sound background for
  presenting a motor skill
• It provide instructor an X-Ray eye to diagnose
  fault and difficulty
• It make instructor more aware of types on
  injuries which may occur

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Methods of Analysis

• Qualitative Analysis
• Quantitative Analysis

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Methods of Analysis

• Qualitative Analysis The performance is
  evaluated subjectively on the basis of direct
  visual observation.
• Quantitative Analysis The performance is first
  recorded using photography, cinematography,
  electromyography or some other technique and then
  evaluated objectively on the basis of
  measurements.

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Characteristics of Qualitative Analysis

• Used by Phy Edu. Teachers, coaches, athletes,
  spectators etc.
• Based on a simple Visual observation of the
  result.
• It is a systematic evaluation not only results
  but also all the various factors which have
  contributed.
• Use of Video Feedback method is now a days more
  popular .
• It is subjective in nature

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Characteristics of Quantitative Analysis

• Used extensively by researchers occasionally by
  coaches and rarely by physical edu. Teachers.
• Used for searching new techniques
• Used for searching new equipments
• Used for enhancing the performance
• Expensive equipments are required
• Highly trained people are required

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Characteristics of Quantitative Analysis (Cont)

• More time are required for this type of analysis
• Generally conducted at the highest level of
  competition
• It is basically objective in nature

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Basic Steps in Qualitative Analysis

• Step 1 Development of a model (or block
  diagram) showing the relationship between the
  results and the factors that produce that results

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Basic Steps in Qualitative Analysis (cont)

• Step 2 Observation of the performance and
  identification of faults.
• Step 3 Evaluation of the relative importance of
  these faults
• Step 4 Instructions to the performer in accord
  with the conclusion reached in the course of the
  analysis

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STEPS OF ANALYSIS

• Name of the skill
• Brief description of the skill
• The specific objective of the motor skill
• Identification of major and secondary categories

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STEPS OF ANALYSIS (cont)

• The objectives of analysis i.e. mechanical,
  anatomical or both
• Identification of principles
• Application of principles in motor skills

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Analysis of Walking

• Name of the skill Walking

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Description of Skill

• Walking is a reflex action.
• No conscious control is required.
• If attention is focused on any part of the gait
  tension is likely to develop and rhythem is lost
• Walking is performed by alternating action of two
  lower extremities.

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Description of Skill (cont)

• It is an example of translatory motion of the
  body as a whole which is brought about by means
  of the angular motion of some of its part.
• It is also an example of a periodic or pendular
  like motion in which the moving segment may be
  said to start at zero, pass through its arc of
  motion and fall to zero again.

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Description of Skill (cont)

• In walking each lower extremities undergoes two
  phase the swinging phase and the supporting
  phase.
• The supporting phase is further divided into a
  restraining phase (from the moment the foot
  touches the ground until it is directly under the
  center of the body)

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Description of Skill (cont)

• The next phase of supporting phase is propulsion
  phase (from the moment when the foot is under the
  center of gravity until it leaves the ground).

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Objective of Motor Skill

• To produce a efficient linear motion of the body
  as a whole by using proper functioning of the
  reflexes , normal flexibility of the joints and
  optimum use of the muscular force and optimum
  stability of the body as a whole in the weight
  bearing phase of the motion.

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Identification of Categories

• Primary Category Giving impetus to ones own
  body.
• Secondary Category Supported by ground and
  locomotion on foot.

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Objective of Analysis

• Mechanical Analysis

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Identification of Principles

• Both part of law of inertia
• Law of action and reaction
• Law of lever
• Newtons second law
• Law of stability
• Law of Friction

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Application of Mechanical Principles

• Principle 1 A body at rest will remain at rest
  unless acted upon by a force. Since walking is
  produces by a pendular like motion of the lower
  extremities the inertia of the body must be
  overcome at every step.

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Application of Mechanical Principles (cont)

• Principle 2 A body in motion will continue in
  motion unless acted upon by a force. Since motion
  is imparted to the trunk by the backward thrust
  of the leg, the trunk has a tendency to continue
  moving forward even beyond the base of support. A
  brief restraining action of the forward leg serve
  as a check on the momentum of the trunk.

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Application of Mechanical Principles (cont)

• Principle 3 Force applied diagonally consist of
  two components , horizontal and vertical. The
  vertical component in walking serves to
  counteract the downward pull of the gravity. The
  horizontal component serves (1) in the
  restraining phase to check the forward motion and
  (2) in the propulsion phase to produce it.

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Principles (cont)

• Principle 4 Translatory motion of a lever is
  achieved by the repeated alternate motion of two
  rotatory motion. The lever turning first about
  one end and then the other end. In walking, the
  lower extremity alternates between rotating about
  the foot point of contact with the ground and the
  hip joint.

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Principles (cont)

• Principle 5 the speed of the gait is directly
  related to the magnitude of the pushing force to
  the direction of its application. This force is
  provided by the extensor muscles of the hip, knee
  and ankle joint, and the direction of application
  is determined by the slant of the lower extremity
  when the force is being applied.

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Principles (cont)

• Principle 6 The economy of the gait is related
  to its timing with reference to the length of the
  limbs. The most economical gait is one which is
  so timed as to permit pendular motion of the
  lower extremities.

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Principles (cont)

• Principle 7 Walking has been described as an
  alternating loss and recovery of balance. This
  indicates that a new base of support must be
  established at every step.

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Principles (cont)

• Principle 8 As propulsion of the body is
  brought about by the diagonal push of the foot
  against the supporting surface, the efficiency of
  the locomotion depends on the counter pressure
  and friction provided by the supporting surface.

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Principles (cont)

• Principle 9 Stability of the body is directly
  related to the size of base of support. In
  walking the lateral distance between the feet is
  a factor in maintaining balance.
• Too narrow a lateral distance between the feet
  decrease the balance
• Too wide a lateral distance between the feet
  increase stability but cause the body sway side
  to side
• The optimum position of the feet appears perfect
  when the inner borders of foot falls along a
  single straight line