Europe in the 19th Century

1
Europe in the 19th Century

• The Beginnings of Modern Europe

2
Europe in 1814

• Napoleon had been exiled to Elba.
• Delegates met in Vienna to restore order and
  stability to Europe after 25 years of war. This
  meeting was called the Congress of Vienna.
• The main countries were Austria, England, Russia,
  and France.

3
Goals of the Congress of Vienna

• Redrawing the Map of Europe.
• France returned the lands it had captured under
  Napoleon.
• Payment of indemnities to other countries.
• The establishment of buffer states around
  France to control future expansion. These states
  would be neutral.
• Dividing Prussia up between Russia and Prussia.

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Map of Europe - 1815
5
Delegates

• Many of the delegates to the congress were
  reactionaries. They want to return Europe to the
  way it was in 1789.
• The group that opposed them were the liberals.
  They wanted the spread of enlightened thought and
  reform to continue.
• The reactionaries resisted the nationalists that
  wanted self rule.

6
Alliances

• Countries that wanted to stop the spread of
  nationalism formed alliances.
• They believed that nationalism would lead to
  revolution.
• The countries of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia,
  and Russia form the Quadruple Alliance to enforce
  the directives of the Congress of Vienna.

7
Concert of Europe

• For the next 30 years, Austrian, Count Metternich
  used the alliance to further his own political
  goals.
• Many times, alliance soldiers were used to put
  down nationalist movements in Europe.

8
Unification of Italy

• In 1815, there were many small kingdoms on the
  Italian Peninsula. The desire for independence
  and economic freedom lead to a nationalist
  movement.
• The earliest movement was Risorgimento, meaning
  resurgence or revival.

9
Italy (Cont)

• The most effective speaker was Guisseppe Mazzini.
  He believed in the idea of a nation-state.
• In January 1848, Mazzini inspired nationalists
  claimed the island of Sicily.

10
Revolutions of 1848

• In 1848, there were revolutions in France and
  Austria. This caused the Italian nationalists to
  rise up and claim Northern Italy.
• The support of Mazzini nationalist movement in
  the north was affected by the withdrawal of the
  Popes armies.
• The nationalists then caused the Pope to flee
  Rome.

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1848

• The nationalists declared Rome a republic and
  summoned Mazzini to head the new government.
• The Catholic countries of Austria, France, and
  Spain then sent troops into Rome to restore the
  Pope.
• This caused many Italians to abandon the
  revolutionary ways of Mazzini.

12
Count Cavour and Northern Italy

• In 1849, Victor Emmanuel II became king of
  Sardinia.
• In the next few years, he tried to keep popular
  support for Italian unity alive.
• He enlisted the support of Count Cavour

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War with Austria

• Cavour was convinced that Sardinia would need
  foreign help to rid Northern Italy from Austria.
• Sardinia allied itself with Great Britain and
  France against the Russians during the Crimean
  War.
• After the war, Cavour met with the leader of
  France for help in ridding Northern Italy of
  Austria.
• By April 1860, the King of Sardinia was in
  control.

14
Garibaldi and Southern Italy

• Southern Italy was isolated from the nationalist
  movement in the north.
• The death of Ferdinand II changed that. The
  Young Italy movement was ready for revolution.
• Their commander was an adventurer named Giuseppe
  Garibaldi.

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Young Italy

• As a young man, Garibaldi was forced into exile
  in south America.
• It was here that he learned guerilla tactics.
• He put these tactics to good use once he returned
  to Italy in 1860.

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Italy in 1858
17
Unification - 1871

• By October 1860, Garibaldi and Cavours forced
  met and Garibaldi gave up his lands to Victor
  Emmanuel.
• Italy had become an independent nation but there
  were some problems
• Where to locate the capital?
• Sardinias customs and laws?
• Threat of civil war?

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The Unification of Germany

• Germany was the last European nation to become
  unified.
• The Congress of Vienna created the German
  Confederation to act as a buffer nation to
  protect Europe against future threats from
  France.
• The most powerful of these German states was
  Prussia.

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German Confederation
20
Prussia

• Prussia had a well organized government and
  strong economy.
• Political power was in the hands of a powerful
  aristocratic group called the Junkers.
• There was a small but increasingly vocal middle
  class that wanted to participate in the
  government.

21
Trade Agreement of 1834 Revolutions of 1848

• In 1834, the German states eliminated trade
  barriers and established a trade union called
  Zollverein.
• The trade union strengthened the power of
  Prussia.
• In 1848, revolutions swept across Europe. The
  Prussian military stepped in and seized power and
  put down street riots.

22
Rise of Bismarck

• In 1861, William I became ruler of Prussia. He
  wanted to build the military but was opposed by
  the Prussian assembly.
• William appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime
  Minister

23
Realpolitik and Blood and Iron

• Bismarck was a member of the Junkers and believed
  that a nation had the right to do anything for
  its advantage.
• In September 1861, Bismarck stated that the
  great issues of the time would not be decided by
  speeches and majority decisions, but by blood and
  iron.
• He then began to tax the population to strengthen
  the military.

24
Three Wars

• Bismarck once said, Show me an objective worthy
  of war and Ill go along with you.
• To unite all the German speaking peoples, Prussia
  went to war three times in the period 1863-1870.
• War with Denmark for Schleswig and Holstein.
• Seven Weeks War against Austria.
• Franco-Prussian War

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Franco-Prussian War

• In 1870, Bismarck moved to add the southern
  German states of Bavaria and Württemberg.
• France was a major obstacle to German
  unification.
• The question of Spanish succession of 1868 gave
  Bismarck the opportunity to act.

26
Spanish Succession

• William I offered a member of his family
  (Hohenzollern) as monarch of Spain. France
  objected.
• France demanded that a Hohenzollern sit on the
  Spanish throne.
• The French ruler, Napoleon III feared a
  Prussian-Spanish alliance.

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Ems Telegram

• In July 1870, William sent a telegram to
  Bismarck. The telegram told Bismarck of
  Williams conversation with the French
  ambassador.
• Bismarck rewrote the telegram and deliberately
  insulting the French.
• The telegram was released to the press.
• The French were outraged and declared war on
  Prussia. The French were quickly defeated.

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Franco-Prussian War

• Bismarcks military had built a secret weapon
  that enabled the armies to move across the
  country quickly.
• As a result of the French defeat, they lost the
  provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. These areas
  were rich in both iron ore and coal deposits.

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German Unification - 1871
30
German Unification

• In January 1871, William assumed the title of
  Kaiser or emperor of a united Germany.
• Bismarck took the title of Chancellor.
• Although Germany was united, there were economic,
  cultural, and social problems.
• Germany began to rapidly industrialize.
• One of the greatest challenges to Bismarck was
  from the Catholic Church.

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Kulturkampf

• The struggle between the Protestants and
  Catholics.
• Bismarck believed the Catholics were
  anti-nationalists and supported the Protestants.
• The Pope, Pius IX, battled Bismarcks attempts to
  limit the power of the Church.
• In 1872, the government passed the May Laws, that
  severely limited the power of the Catholic Church.

32
Bismarck and the Socialists

• As Germany began to rapidly industrialize, the
  workers carried the wealthy middle and upper
  classes.
• As more machines were introduced, worker pay and
  benefits decreased.
• German workers turned towards a new, more
  democratic, government that would address their
  concerns. They began to support a socialist
  named Ferdinand Lassalle.

33
Bismarck and Socialism

• Lasalle did not advocate revolution but political
  action to address the injustices of capitalism.
• Bismarck believed that the socialists were a
  threat to German unity. He attempted to show the
  workers that the government, not the socialists
  had their best interests at heart.

34
Bismarcks Reforms

• Bismarck acted to blunt the socialists claims
  that the government was only concerned with
  money.
• He directed several laws through the legislature
  that provided the workers with some comfort and
  security.
• Sickness Insurance Law (1883)
• Old Age Insurance Law (1889)

35
Bismarcks Fall from Power

• In 1888, William died and was succeeded by his
  son, Frederick.
• Frederick was more liberal-minded than his father
  and had opposed much of what Bismarck had done to
  unite Germany.
• However, Frederick died 100 days after becoming
  Kaiser and power passed to his son, William II.

36
William II and Bismarck

• William II was militaristic and supported a
  powerful military.
• He believed that the Kaiser was the absolute
  authority in Germany. This brought him into
  immediate conflict with Bismarck.
• One of Bismarcks favorite tactics was to
  threaten to resign as Chancellor. When William
  and Bismarck began to disagree, he offered his
  resignation and it was accepted by William.
• Bismarcks power had ended.

37
Germany

• Under Bismarck, Germany had become a major power
  in Europe.
• However, his strict rule kept Germany from
  developing a democratic government.
• After Bismarck, Germany continued to become one
  of the worlds industrial and military powers.