Post War Era

1
Post War Era

• 1945-1953

2
Yalta

• 1945
• Poland and Eastern Germany fall to the Russians
• Germany is divided from 1945 until the fall of
  the Berlin Wall in 1989

3
Russia vs. Marxist Foreign Policy

• Russia-no Renaissance or Enlightenment
• Always being invaded
• Tried to create a buffer-zone to protect them
• A.K.A Poland

4
American Foreign Policy

• Truman Doctrine
• Involves a war between Turkey and Greece
• Reverses all of American foreign policy
• Extended the Western Hemisphere policy (Monroe
  Doctrine)
• Containment Doctrine
• Article from 1947 published by Mr. X
• Later George Kinnan took credit
• Wherever there was a vacuum of leadership,
  Communism steps in (the Blob)

5
American Foreign Policy Cont

• Marshall Plan
• George Marshall-Secretary of State under Truman
• US offered to help all European Countries
• Soviets were the only country to refused
• Yugoslavia-exception in USSR
• Tito kept a peace with Russia for 40 years

6
Goals of the Marshall Plan

• Increase production
• Obtain internal financial stability
• Causes an economic decline in the US
• Close the dollar gap
• Cost the US approximately 17 billion

7
Berlin Airlift

• In Eastern Germany
• Soviets cut off the supply road
• US began airlifting all supplies for a year

8
Soviets Get the Bomb

• US had been careful to divide up the Manhattan
  project
• US held supreme power over the USSR until August
  29, 1949
• Signs of atomic testing was found in the
  atmosphere over Russia
• Officially begins the Cold War

9
Duck and Cover
10
Communism in China

• Nationalists-Chaing Kai-shek
• Communists-Mao Zedong
• Civil war broke out in China at the end of WWII
• Shek and his followers were eventually defeated
  and fled to Taiwan
• China fell to Communism in May 1949

11
The Threat of Communism

• 2nd Red Scare
• Domino Theory
• If one country fell to Communism then the rest
  would fall

12
1948 Election

• Truman is the underdog
• No one believed he was going to win the election
• Strum Thurmond-Candidate for segregation
• Dewey-Republican
• Truman-Democrat

13
McCarthyism

• Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin
• Began giving speeches around the country about
  (57, 81, 205) American government officials who
  were communists
• Became reckless with his claims as he gained
  power
• McCarthy and Eisenhower
• At first his administration appeased McCarthy
• Nixon (Vice-President) was given the task of
  controlling McCarthy

14
McCarthys Downfall

• Launched an investigation of the army at Ft.
  Monmouth, NJ
• Pink Army Dentist
• Dentist that was promoted without signing the
  loyalty oath
• March 11, 1954-Army charged McCarthy with seeking
  preferential treatment for Prv. David Schine
• Obviously homosexual
• Eventually lead to the fall of McCarthy

15
HUAC

• House on Un-American Activities Committee
• Headed by Richard Nixon
• Used to investigate Communists
• Mainly from Hollywood
• Tried people for having Communist
  ideals/connections

16
Hollywood-Blacklisting

• HUAC began to subpoena members of Hollywood
• 10 members refused to testify
• Became known as the Hollywood Ten
• Members of Hollywood were blacklisted from
  working

17
Alger Hiss

• 1948-Former spy Whittaker Chambers accused Alger
  Hiss of being a Soviet spy
• Produced Microfilm of documents that he claimed
  were typed on Hiss typewriter
• Hiss was convicted of perjury, not espionage
• He maintained his innocence until after the fall
  of the Soviet Union
• Soviets released documents proving that Hiss was
  indeed a Soviet Spy
• Impact-Richard Nixon was the prosecuting attorney

18
Rosenbergs

• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
• September 23, 1949
• Accused of passing information to the Soviets
  about the bomb
• Denied the charges and pleaded the 5th
• Found guilty sentenced to death
• Executed by the electric chair in June 1953

19
Korean War

• Korea-occupied by the Japanese until 1945
• 38th Parallel-divided North and South Korea
• North-taken by the Soviets
• South-taken by the US

20
Korean War Contd

• 1948-Republic of Korea (US backed)
• South Korea-led by Syngman Rhee
• 1948-Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea
  (Communist)
• North Korea-led by Kim Il Sung
• In 1949 the US and Soviets pulled their troops
  out
• Both governments claimed they had the right to
  rule all of Korea

21
Korea Contd

• June 25, 1950-North Korea invades South Korea
• Americans feared that another Asian country was
  about to become Communist
• Truman decided to take military action

22
US in Korea

• Macarthur-head of US military in Korea
• Invades Inchon-September 1950
• Drives Sung north
• Tries to unify Korea from the South
• Pushes towards China

Inchon
Puson perimeter
23
China Gets Involved

• China-angry with the US for not recognizing Maos
  government
• Macarthur gets too close to China
• China invades North Korea

24
The War Continues

• From July 1951-July 1953 the US sits just above
  the 38th Parallel
• Stalemate
• April 1951-Truman fires Macarthur
• Macarthur had publicly argued with Truman about
  bombing China

25
Armistice

• July 2, 1953-Truce signed
• Dividing line between the North and the South was
  still the 38th parallel
• Korea was still 2 different countries
• To this day they are still divided at the same
  line

26
Effects of the War-MASH

• MASH-Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals
• Only war they were really ever used
• Within 2 miles of the front lines
• In the first year of the war they moved more than
  50 times
• In the next 2 years they moved only twice

27
Effects Contd

• 54,000 Americans killed
• Cost 20-22 Billion
• Caused the rejection of the Democratic party in
  the 1952 election
• Increased the fear of Communism

28
Trumans Legacy

• Atomic Bomb
• Korean War
• Desegregation of the Military
• One of the best Wartime Presidents to date

29
Election of 1952

• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Ike
• WWII hero-orchestrated D-Day

30
Eisenhowers Administration

• Made it a point to get out of Korea
• Began the interstate highway system
• Brown v. Board of Education
• Served as President from 1953-1961

31
Brinksmanship

• Willingness to go to the brink or the edge of
  war to keep the peace
• The US would use any force necessary to keep
  aggressor countries from attacking weaker
  nations

32
Death of Josef Stalin

• 1953
• Temporarily cooled tensions in the cold war
• Caused slight panic over who would seize power
• Nikita Khrushchev became the new dictator of the
  USSR

33
4-Minute Mile
34
Brown v. Board of Education

• 1951-Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education
• Oliver Brown wanted his daughter to attend the
  neighborhood school
• She was refused admittance because it was an all
  white school
• Sued the school district claiming that the black
  school was not equal to the white school
• Separate but Equal

35
Brown v. Board

• Supreme Court determined that Plessy v. Ferguson
  violated the equal protection clause of the
  14th Amendment
• separate but equal
• Determined that separate was inherently unequal

36
Suez Canal

• 1956
• Canal in Egypt
• Allowed for water transportation between Asia and
  Europe
• July 26, 1956-Nasser (Egypts leader)
  nationalized the Canal
• 2/3 of the worlds oil was imported into the
  canal
• Threat of a war between Israel (formed in 1948)
  and Egypt
• US became involved and forced a human barrier
  between Israel and Egypt
• Visibly shifted the balance of power from
  European to USA vs. USSR

37
Central High School-Little Rock, AR

• 1957-Integration of Central High School (all
  white school)
• 9 students from Horace Mann High chose to enroll
  in Central
• Governor called out the Arkansas National Guard
  to keep the students out of the school
• Eisenhower was forced to send the national guard
  to protect the students and allow them into the
  school
• Youll learn all about this in Civics next year

38
Eisenhower Doctrine

• Drafted after the Suez Crisis
• Said the US would defend the Middle East against
  any Communist Country
• Gave the President power to use the military at
  his discretion in the Middle East

39
H-Bomb

• US felt it needed a more powerful weapon than the
  Atomic bomb
• Wanted something to hold over the Soviets
• November 1, 1952-US explodes its first H-Bomb
• August 1953-Soviets explode their first H-Bomb

40
Rise of the CIA and the KGB

• CIA-US covert spy agency
• President began to rely on the covert operations
  of the CIA
• Included missions to Latin America, the Middle
  East and Asia
• KGB-Soviet version of the CIA
• Best spy ring in the history of the world

41
Space Race

• US and Soviets were in a race to see who could
  create the biggest weapons
• October 4, 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik I
• ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile)
• Could deliver nuclear weapons anywhere around the
  world
• January 31, 1958-US puts its first satellite
  into orbit
• Began the race for bigger and better ways to end
  the world (whoo hoo!!)

42
U-2 Incident

• May 1, 1960
• US Spy plane shot down over the Soviet Union
• Pilot Frances Gary Powers
• US denied spying on the Soviets
• Khrushchev produced Powers and the plane along
  with all of the surveillance tapes and
  photographs
• Caused more tense East-West relations

43
Baby Boomers

• Children of the soldiers returning from World War
  II
• Any baby born from 1946-1964
• Result of the major economic boom of the era
• Eventually led to the cultural revolution in the
  1960s and 1970s

44
Dr. Spock

• Changed the way baby boom children were raised
• Told parents to treat their children with respect
  
• Disputed the philosophy of spare the rod, spoil
  the child
• Was blamed for the rebellion in the 1960s for
  his theories on permissive parenting

45
TV Moms

• Ozzie and Harriet
• Leave it to Beaver
• I Love Lucy
• The Honeymooners
• Father Knows Best

46
White Flight

• During the Civil Rights movement blacks started
  moving into the cities
• Desegregation caused whites to become nervous
  about integrated schools
• Whites began moving to suburbia to have all
  white neighborhoods again
• Became known as white flight

47
Around the World-1947-1960

• Disneyland opens
• Marilyn Monroe becomes a star
• The Cat and the Hat is written
• Mr. Potato Head and Silly Putty invented
• Hula Hoop
• Snowmobile invented
• 1947-Jackie Robinson breaks the color barrier
• 1951-Willy Mays joins major league baseball
• 1955-Rosa Parks
• 1955-Albert Einstein dies
• 1959-Hawaii and Alaska become States
• 1960-U2 Spy plane shot down
• 1960-John F. Kennedy elected to the Presidency