Promoting Safe and Healthy Relationships

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Promoting Safe and Healthy Relationships
Chapter 10-13, 19 20
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Myth or Fact

• About 1/3 of teens in grades 9-12 are involved in
  at least one physical fight each year
• Teens are more likely to be victims of violence
  than adults are
• By age 13, the American child has watched 100,000
  acts of violence on TV.
• Joining a gang is not effective protection from
  violence.
• Homicide, or murder, is the leading cause of
  death among teens.

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Myth or Fact

• Use of ATODs is a contributing factor in
  incidents of violent crime.
• Programs intended to treat violent behavior are
  ineffective.
• Nearly half of all rapes and sexual assaults are
  committed by acquaintances of the victim.
• Schools can promote effective ways to prevent
  violence.
• Of the industrialized nation in the world, the
  US had the highest rates of homicide and firearms
  related deaths among adolescents

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Healthy Relationships

• Relationship is a bond or connection you have
  with other people
• All of your relationships can have effects on
  your physical, social, spiritual and
  mental/emotional health.
• Healthy relationships are based on shared values
  and interests and mutual respect.
• A healthy relationship is one in which both
  people benefit and feel comfortable

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Healthy Relationships

• Family Relationships
• It involved immediate and extended family. It
  enhances all sides of your health triangle.
• Relationships
• Is a significant relationship between two people
  that is based on caring, trust, and
  consideration.
• Roles of Family and Friends
• A role is apart you play in a relationship.

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Build a Healthy Relationship(Three Cs)

• Communication- refers to your ways of sending
  and receiving messages.
• Cooperation- working together for the good of
  all.
• Compromise- is a problem-solving method that
  involves each participations giving up something
  to reach a solution that satisfied everyone.
  (give and take)

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Characteristics of a Health Relationships

• Mutual respect and consideration
• Honestly
• Dependability
• Commitment

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Effective Communication

• Communication is critical to healthy
  relationships.
• Communication Styles
• Passive Communication- involves the inability or
  unwillingness to express thoughts and feelings.
• Aggressive Communication- often try to get their
  ways through bullying and intimidation.
• Assertive Communication- involves expressing
  thoughts and feelings clearly and directly but
  without hurting others

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Techniques For Active Listening

• Reflective listening- rephrase or summarize what
  the other person has said.
• Clarifying- Questioning the speaker about how
  he/she feels or asking questions to help you
  understand.
• Encouraging- Encourage the speaker when you
  signal that you are interested and involved. You
  can show your interested by saying I see
  Uh-huh I understand
• Empathizing- You are able to imagine and
  understand how someone else feels.

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Eliminating Communication Barriers

• Image and identity issues- a sense of who they
  are and their place in the world. If someone is
  unsure of his or her values, the uncertainty can
  complicate the communication.
• Unrealistic expectations- Avoid imposing
  unrealistic expectations on your listener, this
  may cause the individuals to become frustrated or
  defensive.
• Lack of trust
• Prejudice- unfair opinion or judgment of a
  particular group of people.
• Gender Stereotyping- is a type of prejudice that
  involves having an a belief about people of a
  certain gender.

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The Mediation Process

• Mediation- a process in which specialty trained
  people help others resolve their conflicts
  peacefully.
• Mediation session take place in a neutral
  locations.
• Mediation is strictly confidential.
• Some schools offer peer mediation programs for
  settling conflicts.
• Peer mediators, are students trained to help
  other students find fair resolution to conflicts
  and disagreements.

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The Role of the Family

• Family is a basic unit of society, provides a
  safe and nurturing environment for it member.
• Extended Family- that is, your immediate family
  and other relatives such as grandparents, aunt,
  uncle, cousins.
• The importance of Family
• Meets physical and other basic needs
• Meets mental/emotional needs
• Meets social needs
• Develops a value system
• Build your Character

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Strengthening Family Relationships

• Demonstrate care and love
• Show support, especially during difficult times
• Demonstrate trust
• Express commitment
• Be Responsible
• Spend time together
• Respect individuality
• Work together to solve problems
• Be sensitive to others needs

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Changes in Family Structure

• Separation- is a decision between married
  individuals to live apart from each other.
• Divorce- is a legal end to a marriage contract.
• Remarriage-becoming a blending family
• When there is children involved
• Custody- is a legal decision about who has the
  right to make decisions affecting the children
  in a family and who has the responsibility of
  physically caring for them.

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Family Structure

• Marriage- is a long term commitment
• Commitment is a promise or a pledge that a couple
  makes to each other.
• Successful Marriage- marital adjustment-how well
  a person adjust to marriage and to his or her
  spouse.
• Good communication
• Emotional maturity
• Similar value and interests.
• Resolving Conflicts-even the best marriages,
  conflict occasionally. Some common issues
  include
• Differences spending money
• Conflicting loyalties involving family and
  friends
• Lack of communication
• Lack of intimacy
• Jealous, infidelity, or lack of attention
• Decisions about having children and arranging
  child care
• Abusive tendencies or attitudes.
• Teen marriage Maturity makes a successful
  marriage, do teen have that?

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Family Violence

• Domestic Violence- any act of violence involving
  family members. This is a criminal act that can
  be prosecuted by law.
• Spousal Abuse is domestic violence at a spouse.
• Child Abuse is domestic violence at a child.
• Emotional abuse- is a pattern of behavior that
  attacks the emotional development and sense of
  worth of an individual.
• Physical Abuse- is the intentional infliction of
  bodily harm or injury on another person.
• Sexual Abuse-involves any sexual contact that is
  forced upon a person against his or her will.

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Changing Family Violence

• Breaking the cycle the violence.
• Avoiding the Violence
• Recognize
• Resist
• Report
• Crisis Center- a facility that handles
  emergencies and provides referrals to an
  individuals needing help.
• Support Groups meeting in which individuals
  share their problems and get advice from others
  facing similar issues.
• Family Counseling therapy to restore healthy
  relationships in a family.

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School Safety

• Violence- is the threatened or actual use of
  physical force or power to harm another person or
  to damage property.
• Bullying- the act of seeking power or attention
  through the psychological, emotion, or physical
  abuse of another person.
• How does it start? How does it stop
• Sexual Harassment- is a UNINVITED and unwelcome
  sexual conduct directed at another person.
• Inappropriate jokes, words, gestures, or touching
  of a sexual form sexual harassment.

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Reducing the Risk of Violence

• Recognizing Warning Signs
• Has difficulty controlling anger, or disobeys
  school rules, (more examples Figure 13.2. Pg.
  337)
• What can you do?
• What a school can do?
• Peer mediation
• Rules of the school
• Keeping the school a safe place

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Why Violence Occur

• A way to deal with conflicts. Some people use
  violence as a means of dealing with conflicts.
  In these cases, the victim may know his or her
  assailant (a person who commits a violent act
  against another)
• Need to control others
• Way of expressing anger
• Prejudice-unfair opinion or judgment of a
  particular group of people
• Retaliation

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Influences of Violence

• Weapons Availability
• The Media
• ATODs
• Mental and Emotional Issues
• Anger management

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Types of Violence

• Assault and Homicide
• assault is an unlawful attack on a person with
  the intent to harm or kill.
• random violence is committed for no particular
  reason.
• Sexual Violence
• Is any form of unwelcome sexual conduct directed
  at an individual, including sexual harassment,
  sexual assault, and rape.
• Gang Related Violence

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Types of Abuse

• Abuse- is the physical, mental/emotional, or
  sexual mistreatment of one person by another.
• Physical Abuse- is the intentional infliction of
  bodily harm or injury on another person.
• Emotional Abuse
• Verbal abuse -using words ti mistreat or injure
  another person. (name calling, insults)
• stalking- is the reported following, harassment,
  or threatening of an individual to frighten or
  cause him or her harm.

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Dating Violence

• Dating violence includes all forms of abuse.
• Sometimes teen victims may accept abuse as part
  of a relationship.
• Signs indicating that an unhealthy dating
  relationship may be headed toward abusive
  behavior
• expressions of jealously
• attempts to control a partners behavior
• use of insults or put-downs to manipulate a
  partner
• use of guilt to manipulate a partner
• date rape occurs when one person in a dating
  relationship forces the other person to
  participate in sexual intercourse

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Overcoming Abuse

• It is important for people who have suffered
  abuse or rape to remember that they are victims
  and have not done anything wrong.
• If you know someone that was rape
• call law enforcement immediately
• seek medical attention
• Get into a support group or therapy.

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Fact or Myth

• The egg from the mother determines a babys
  gender
• Twins result when more than one sperm fertilizes
  a single egg
• A fetus usually remains in the uterus for about
  nine months
• If a pregnant female using uses ATODs these
  substances can harm the fetus.
• A female should gain as much weight as possible
  during pregnancy

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Fact or Myth

• Both prescription and over the counter drugs can
  harm a fetus
• A pregnant females should never exercise
• Genes carry the hereditary traits of an
  individual.
• Balanced nutrition is especially important
  during pregnancy because the nutrients a female
  ingests affect her babys development.
• A female who wants children does not need to
  take special care of herself until she knows for
  sure that she is pregnant.

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The Beginning of the Life Cycle

• Conception and Implantation
• Fertilization- the union of a male sperm cell and
  a female egg cell.
• The resulting cell is called a Zygote.
• Within a day after the zygote form is travels
  down the fallopian tube.
• By the time it travel to the uterus, the zygote
  has divided many times to form a cluster of cells
  with a hollow space in the center.
• With in a few days, the zygote attaches to the
  uterine wall in the process called implantation.
  
• Cluster of cells is know a an embryo- the
  developing child from the time of implantation
  until about the eighth week of development.
• The developing embryo in the uterus is call a
  fetus.

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The Beginning of the Life Cycle

• Embryonic Growth
• As the embryo grows its cells divide into 3
  layers
• Respiratory and digestive systems.
• Muscle, bones, blood vessels, and skin.
• Nervous system, sense organs, and mouth
• During this time two important structures form
  outside the embryo
• Amniotic sac- is a thin, fluid-filled membrane
  that surrounds and protects the developing
  embryo. It also insulates the embryo from
  temperature changes.
• Umbilical Cord- is a ropelike structure that
  connects the embryo and the mothers placenta.
• The placenta is a thick, blood-rich tissue that
  lines the walls of the uterus during pregnancy
  and nourishes the embryo

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• Fetal Development

First Trimester (0 to 14 weeks) Major Changes
0-4 weeks Zygote floats freely in the uterus for 48 hours before implanting.
5-8 weeks The fetus is about 1 inch long at 8 weeks. The mouth, nostrils, eyelids, hands, fingers, feet, and toes begin to form.
9-14 Weeks The fetus develops a human profile. Sex organs, eyelids, fingernails. By the 12th week the fetus makes crying motions but no sound and may sucks its thumb
Second Trimester (15-28 weeks) Major Changes
15-20 weeks The fetus can blink. Body is growing head grows slow however the limbs reach full proportion. The fetus can grasp and kick becomes more active.
21-28 weeks The fetus can hear conversations and has a regular cycle of waking and sleeping. Weight increases rapidly. The fetus is about 12 inches long and weights a little more than 1 pound. The fetus may survive if born after 24 weeks but will require special medical care.
Third Trimester (29-40 weeks) Major Changes
29-40 weeks The fetus uses all five senses and begins to pass water from the bladder. Approx. 266 days after conception, the baby weighs 6-9lbs and is ready to be born.
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The Beginning of the Life Cycle

• Stages of Birth (19.2 page 491)
• Stage one Dilation
• Stage two Passive Through the Birth Canal
• Stage three Afterbirth
• The fetus becomes more crowed in the uterus and
  puts increase demands on its mothers body.
• Many females experience weak, irregular muscular
  contractions of the uterus for weeks or even
  months before the baby is born.
• As the time approaches for the baby to be born,
  these contraction become regular, stronger, and
  closer together. The stronger contractions
  induce labor.
• Labor is the final stage of pregnancy in which
  the uterus contracts and pushes the baby out of
  the mothers body.

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Importance of Prenatal Care

• Prenatal care refers to steps that a pregnant
  female can take to provide for her own health and
  the health of the baby
• Obstetrician is a doctor who specializes in the
  care of a female and her developing child.
• A certified nurse-midwife is as advance practice
  nurse who specializes in prenatal care and the
  delivery of babies.
• In the US most births take place at a hospital,
  but home women may choose to have the delivery at
  home or in a birthing center.
• A birthing Center is a facility in which women
  with low-risk pregnancies can deliver their
  babies in a homelike setting. Regardless of
  where the birth takes place a doctor or certified
  nurse-midwife should be present.

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The Health of the Fetus

• Alcohol and Pregnancy-
• Any alcohol consumed during pregnancy is quickly
  passes through the umbilical cord to the fetus.
  The Fetus can break it down as fast as it mother,
  permanent damage is a condition known as fetal
  alcohol syndrome (FAS)-a group of alcohol related
  birth defects that includes both physical and
  mental problems such as.
• Metal retardation, learning disables, serious
  behavior problems, slowed growth, physical
  deformities including small skull, abnormal
  facial features and heard defects.
• Tobacco and Pregnancy
• 30 Low birth weight
• 14 Premature births
• 10 Infant deaths

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The Health of the Fetus

• Other drugs and Pregnancy
• Drugs including prescription and over the counter
  medications should be taken with doctors consent.
  
• Drug abuse can harm the mothers health and make
  her less able to support the pregnancy. Can
  cause serious birth defects and make the child
  addicted that drug.
• Environmental Hazards-Harm to the fetus can
  result when a pregnant female is expose to some
  common substance in the environment
• Lead- lead exposure had been linked to
  miscarriage, low birth weight, mental
  disabilities and behavior problems. Lead found
  in house paint, before 1978 and from old pipes
  into tap water
• Smog- the greatest risk occurs during 2nd month
  of pregnancy when most organs and facial feature
  develop.
• Radiation-found in x-rays, not from color TVs or
  microwaves.
• Cat Litter- Cat feces contain parasites that can
  cause a disease like toxoplasmosis. This disease
  can result in a miscarriage, premature labor, or
  health problems in a newborn.

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Complications during Pregnancy

• Miscarriage-the spontaneous expulsion of a fetus
  that occurs before the 12th week of a pregnancy.
  
• Stillbirth- A dead fetus expelled from the body
  after the 12th week.
• Woman who use ATODs are more likely to have a
  miscarriage or stillbirth than who abstain from
  these substances.
• Entopic Pregnancy-results when the zygote
  implants in the fallopian tube, abdomen, the
  ovary or the cervix. Can occur when the
  fertilized egg cant pass to the uterus,
  sometimes b/c of inflammation or scar tissue that
  has developed as a result of STD.
• Preeclampsia also called toxemia, can prevent the
  placenta from getting enough blood.
• Symptoms include high blood pressure, swelling,
  and large amounts of protein in the urine.
• Treatments include reducing blood pressure, bed
  rest, medications, and sometimes hospitalization.
  

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Heredity

• Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to
  their children.
• Gene are the basic unit of heredity
• Chromosomes- threadlike structures found within
  the nucleus of the cell that carry the codes for
  inherited traits.
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic)- The chemical unit that
  makes up chromosomes.

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Genetics

• Human calls contain 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs
  sperm and egg cells.
• When a sperm and egg unite, the resulting
  zygote will have 46 chromosomes, 23 from each
  parent.
• In humans one pair of chromosomes determines the
  gender of the child. If you are female these two
  chromosomes look exactly like are call X
  chromosome.
• If you are male these two chromosomes differ one
  is actually shorter then the other. The shorter
  chromosome is the Y.

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Childhood Development

• Development tasks-events that need to happen in
  order for a person to continue events that need
  to happen in order for a person to continue
  growing toward becoming a healthy, mature adult.
  
• Stages of Infancy and Childhood (Eriksons
  stages 1-4)

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Infancy (birth-1 year) Early Childhood 1-3 years Middle Childhood 4-6 years Late Childhood 7-12 years
Task To develop trust. Task To develop ability to do tasks for oneself. Task To develop responsibility, take initiative, to create ones own play Task To develop an interest in performing activities
Infant is completely dependant on others Child learns to walk, talk, dress and feed himself or herself. Confidence begins to develop. Child becomes for engaged in interactions with others. Models adult behavior. Child completes transition from home to school.
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Adolescence

• The period from childhood to adulthood.
• Puberty- The time when a person begins to
  develop certain traits of adults of his or her
  own gender
• Hormones are chemical substances that are
  produced in glands and help regulate many of your
  bodys functions.
• Physical changes during adolescence
• In Female
• Breast develops, waistline narrows, hip widen,
  body fat increases, menstruation starts.
• In Male
• Facial hair appears, voice deepens, shoulders
  broaden, muscle develop, hairline begins to
  recede.
• In Both
• Body hair appears
• All permanent teeth grow in
• Perspiration increases

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Adolescence

• Mental Changes During Adolescence
• Your brain also grows during adolescence. By
  the age of six the brain is 95 of it adult size.
  
• The brain continues to develop in adolescence
  increasing memory and cognition-the ability to
  reason and thing out abstract problems.
• Emotional Changes During Adolescence
• Teens often experience bursts of energy and waves
  of strong emotions in addition to the physical
  and mental changes taking place.
• Cause by puberty Their mood goes through ups and
  downs.
• Social Changes During Adolescence
• The need to make friends and be excepted into a
  peer group becomes important.

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Physical and Emotional Maturity

• Physical Maturity-the state at which the physical
  body and all its organs are fully developed
• Emotional Maturity-the state at which the mental
  and emotional capabilities of an individual are
  fully developed.
• Stages of Adulthood (Eriksons stages 6-8)

Stage 5 Stage 6 Stage 7 Stage 8
Puberty (12-18 year) Young Adulthood 19-40 years Middle Adulthood 46-65 years Late Adulthood 66 years-death
Goal To grow into adulthood Goal To develop intimacy. Person tries to develop close personal relationships Goal To develop a sense of having contributed to society Goal To feel satisfied with ones life. Person tries to understand meaning of own life.
Negative Outcomes Individual may fear commitment Negative Outcomes Person may remain self-center and have little involvement with others Negative Outcomes Individual may fear commitment Negative Outcomes Individual may fear commitment
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Questions or Comments?