CODEL

1
CODEL International Ltd Station Road,
Bakewell, Derbyshire DE45 1GE England Tel 44
(0) 1629 814 351 Fax [phone]
307 e-mail sales_at_codel.co.uk website
www.codel.co.uk
Total Solutions - Total Confidence
CODEL
2
Continuous Emissions Monitoring
CODEL
3
Customer requirements for continuous emissions
monitoring

• Measurement of all pollutant gases
• Measurement of solids emissions
• Measurement of complementary parameters
• Measurement to comply with legislation
• Secure data presentation
• Maximum reliability
• Low cost of ownership

CODEL
4
CODEL SmartCEM

• Fully integrated system
• Seven gas species in a single analyser
• Particulate measurement
• Pollutant gas flow measurement
• Automatic data normalisation
• Five-year data logging reporting
• Automatic calibration verification

CODEL
5
Gaseous species

• Carbon monoxide CO
• Nitric oxide NO
• Nitrogen dioxide NO2
• Sulphur dioxide SO2
• Hydrogen chloride HCl
• Methane CH4
• Carbon dioxide CO2
• Water vapour H2O

CODEL
6
Available techniques for continuous gas analysis

• Infrared spectroscopy
• Ultraviolet spectroscopy
• Electrochemical cell
• Solid electrolyte cell
• Paramagnetic
• Tuneable diode laser
• Chemiluminescence
• Flame ionisation devices

CODEL
7
Infrared spectroscopy
Suitable for measuring many different species
CODEL
8
Infrared spectroscopy
Suitable for measuring many different species
CODEL
9
Infrared spectroscopy
Suitable for measuring many different species
CO
CODEL
10
Infrared spectroscopy
Suitable for measuring many different species
CO
NO
CODEL
11
Infrared spectroscopy
Suitable for measuring many different species
SO2
CO
NO
CODEL
12
Infrared spectroscopy
Suitable for measuring many different species
SO2
CO2
CO
NO
CODEL
13
Infrared spectroscopy
Suitable for measuring many different species
CH4
SO2
CO2
CO
NO
CODEL
14
Infrared spectroscopy
Suitable for measuring many different species
CH4
HCl
SO2
CO2
CO
NO
CODEL
15
Infrared spectroscopy
Suitable for measuring many different species
CH4
NO2
HCl
SO2
CO2
CO
NO
CODEL
16
Carbon Monoxide CO
CODEL
17
Live and Reference measurements
It is necessary to separate the infrared energy
absorbed by the measured gas from the energy
modified by other effects such as

• Particles in the gas
• Variations in the transmitted energy
• Contaminated optical surfaces

CODEL
18
Multiple measurements in a single analyser
infrared detector
Pairs of live and reference optical filters are
positioned sequentially in front of the detector
19
Multiple measurements in a single analyser
infrared detector
Pairs of live and reference optical filters are
positioned sequentially in front of the detector
20
Multiple measurements in a single analyser
infrared detector
Pairs of live and reference optical filters are
positioned sequentially in front of the detector
21
Multiple measurements in a single analyser
infrared detector
Pairs of live and reference optical filters are
positioned sequentially in front of the detector
22
Application of IR spectroscopy

• Conventional cold extractive
• Conventional hot extractive
• Extractive with permeation dryer
• Open path cross-duct
• In-situ diffusion probe
• Heavy duty hot extractive

CODEL
23
Conventional cold extractive

• Simple probe with pre-filters
• Condensate removed at probe
• Simple sample lines
• Some gases are absorbed in the condensate
• Long sample lines can freeze
• Major maintenance required if any water or solids
  reach the delicate analysers

CO
NO
NO2
SO2
Dryers filters
Condensate drain
Free-standing analyser cabinet in control room
CODEL
24
Conventional hot extractive

• Heated probe with pre-filters
• Gases held above dewpoint in heated sample line
• Analyser cabinet must be in control room with
  long expensive sample lines
• Major maintenance required if heated sample lines
  fail and any water or solids reach the delicate
  analysers

CO
NO
NO2
SO2
Final filters
Free-standing analyser cabinet in control room
CODEL
25
Extractive with permeation dryer
Wet air out

• Probe with pre-filter and integral permeation
  dryer
• Water vapour removed at probe
• Simple sample lines
• Requires clean compressed air dried to -20degC
• Major maintenance if water or solids reach the
  analysers
• No water vapour measurement for normalisation

CO
NO
NO2
SO2
Final filters
Dry air in
CODEL
26
Open path cross-duct

• Simple installation
• No corruption of gases
• Single or multiple species
• Performance cannot be audited against
  test gases
• Performance depends on available
  measurement path
• Variations in dust level and optical alignment
  can limit measurement sensitivity

CODEL
27
CODEL in-situ diffusion probe

• Filtered measurement chamber suitable for high
  dust levels
• Simple installation
• No corruption of gases
• Single or multiple species plus H2O
• Performance can be audited against test gases
• Fixed optical alignment
• Maximum reliability

CODEL
28
CODEL G-CEM4000 gas analyser
CODEL
29
CODEL heavy duty hot extractive

• In-duct probe with pre-filter
• Gases held above dewpoint in heated
  sample line
• Multiple species plus H2O
• Performance can be audited against test gases
• Robust folded beam analyser requires minimal
  pre-conditioning
• Increased measurement sensitivity
• Maximum reliability

Free-standing field-mounted analyser
CODEL
30
CODEL G-CEM4100 gas analyser
31
Particulate measurement
Particles emitted from a combustion process
include smoke, soot, ash carried-over process
materials (such as cement). All of these
particles are visible. They can be measured by
looking at how much they absorb and scatter
visible light.
CODEL
32
Particulate legislation
Requirements for expressing the amount of solids
emitted from a process can vary dramatically for
different processes and in different countries

• Ringelmann number
• Opacity
• Smoke density
• Extinction
• Dust density in mg/m3

CODEL
33
Ringelmann
A simple manual assessment of the appearance of
the plume against a standard chart graded white
to black in 6 steps (Ringelmann 0 5)
CODEL
34
Continuous measurements
For continuous measurement the energy absorbed
and scattered by the particles inside the exhaust
duct can be expressed as Transmittance T Ir/Io
CODEL
35
Opacity/Smoke density
This is the simplest continuous measurement. It
is the opposite of transmittance expressed as a
percentage. opacity (1-T)x100 This is the
measurement preferred by US EPA
CODEL
36
Opacity
With a uniform dust concentration the opacity
measured depends on the measured path.
opacity
opacity
opacity
CODEL
37
Continuous dust monitoring techniques

• Single pass transmissometer
• Double pass transmissometer
• Double beam transmissometer
• Optical scatter
• Triboelectric probe

CODEL
38
Single pass transmissometer
Beam splitter
Measurement detector
Light source
Control detector

• Simple low cost technique
• High efficiency air purges to keep windows clean
• Cannot differentiate between gas-borne particles
  and window contamination
• Cannot detect misalignment errors

CODEL
39
Double pass transmissometer
Zero point reflector
Mirror
Auto-collimating reflector
Light source
Detector

• Air purges to keep windows clean
• Zero check reflector in transceiver unit
• Window contamination check on transceiver only
• Non-linear due to back scatter from the particles
• Cannot detect misalignment errors

CODEL
40
Double beam transmissometer - measuring
Rotary valve with integral mirror
Beam splitter
Mirror
Light source
Detector

• High efficiency air purges keep windows clean
• Alternate, bi-directional measurement provides
  automatic misalignment check
• Measures across entire duct section

CODEL
41
Double beam transmissometer -
contamination check
Mirror rotated into optical path
Beam splitter
Mirror
Light source
Detector

• Protected mirrors check individual contamination
  on both transceivers
• Rotary valves protect transceivers
  during purge air or power failure

CODEL
42
Back, forward or side scatter
Measures light reflected from illuminated
particles

• High sensitivity
• Can be built into a probe
• Measures in a very small
  zone local to duct wall
• Measured zone not consistently
  representative
• In-duct reflections cause zero errors
• Unsuitable for large ducts or high levels

CODEL
43
Triboelectric probe
Measures electrical charge transfer as particles
collide with the probe

• Simple low cost probe
• High sensitivity
• Easy to install
• Highly cross-sensitive to
  many operating parameters
• Measurement is flow-dependent
• Unsuitable for large ducts

CODEL
44
Hot gas velocity measurement techniques

• Pitot tube
• Thermal anemometer
• Bi-directional ultrasonic
• Triboelectric correlation
• Infrared correlation

CODEL
45
Pitot tube
Measures the velocity pressure produced at an
orifice facing into the flow.
Static pressure

• Simple manual technique
• Single or multi-point
• Automated systems are prone to blockage
• Unsuitable for irregular, cyclonic or angular
  flow
• Unsuitable with high level particulates or
  aerosols
• Complex installation

Differential pressure
Velocity pressure
Type L Pitot tube
CODEL
46
Thermal anemometer
Flue gases cool a hot wire held in the gas
stream. The amount of cooling is a function of
the gas temperature, gas composition and velocity.

• Simple installation
• Single or multi-point
• Unsuitable for ducts with high spatial
  variations
• Affected by condensates and dust build-up
• Non-linear outputs need site calibration

CODEL
47
Bi-directional ultrasonic
Measures the difference between the transit time
of sonic pulses transmitted upstream and
downstream

• Average measurement across entire duct
• Transceivers must be purged to keep them cool and
  clean
• Complex install and service especially on
  large ducts
• Complex end effects
• Errors due to secondary reflections and
  vibration

CODEL
48
Correlation velocity measurement
Measures the offset (equal to the transit time T)
between signals from 2 separated detectors.
?
?
time
CODEL
49
Triboelectric correlation
Measures the transit time between signals from
two close-coupled triboelectric probes

• Simple installation
• Unsuitable for ducts with high spatial variations
  
• Affected by condensates and dust build-up
• Unsuitable for turbulent flow
• Unsuitable for large ducts
• Close-coupled probes prone to bridging with high
  dust burdens

CODEL
50
Infrared correlation
Measures the transit time between signals from
two separated bulk infrared detectors

• Simple installation
• Average across entire duct
• Suitable for high temperatures
• High efficiency air purges
• Unaffected by condensates and dust
  build-up
• Suitable for turbulent flow
• Suitable for large or small ducts

CODEL
51
CODEL V-CEM 5000 flow monitor
CODEL
52
Data normalisation
International legislation demands that any
dilution at the point of measurement must be
corrected. The measurement can be diluted by

• Changes in temperature
• Changes in absolute pressure
• Excess air
• Water vapour

It is necessary to measure these complementary
parameters and apply the appropriate correction.
This is known as normalisation.
Normalised values are in mg/Nm3
CODEL
53
Data formats
With the necessary complementary measurements
CODEL analysers can present data in the following
formats to suit all legislative and plant
requirements

• Particulates
• opacity
• extinction
• mg/m3
• mg/Nm3
• kg/hr

• Gases
• ppm
• mg/m3
• mg/Nm3
• kg/hr

CODEL
54
System integration
In any CEM system it is vital that normalisation
and operating data are shared by all
analysers.CODEL analysers are designed to
communicate with each other using a series of
robust bi-directional data highways. One
highway distributes data between all analysers on
the same stack. Another highway can be connected
to a remote station for central data diagnostic
presentation and control via a PC.This central
PC can be interrogated and controlled via
a telephone modem or broadband internet link.
55
Typical CODEL SmartCEM layout
CODEL
56
Typical CODEL SmartCEM layout
CODEL
57
CODEL SmartCEM data logging
Measured and normalised data in many formats

• Real time values
• All data formats
• Digital analogue presentation
• Normalisation data
• User-configurable spans alarms
• Up to 12 channels in up to 12 groups

CODEL
58
CODEL SmartCEM data logging
Historical data in many formats

• Instant access to gt5yrs historical data
• Customised reports
• 3 levels of security
• User-configurable spans and alarms
• Multi-user networking
• System diagnostics
• QAL3 reporting

CODEL
59
CODEL International Ltd Station Road,
Bakewell, Derbyshire DE45 1GE England Tel 44
(0) 1629 814 351 Fax [phone]
307 e-mail sales_at_codel.co.uk website
www.codel.co.uk
Total Solutions - Total Confidence
CODEL