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Title: Chapter 13 Notes


1
Chapter 12
2
Standards
  • SSUSH10 The student will identify legal,
    political, and social dimensions of
    Reconstruction.
  • a. Compare and contrast Presidential
    Reconstruction with Radical Republican
    Reconstruction.
  • b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the
    South among the former slaves and provide
    advanced education (Morehouse College) and
    describe the role of the Freedmens Bureau.
  • c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th,
    and 15th amendments.
  • d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and
    other forms of resistance to racial equality
    during Reconstruction.
  • e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in
    relationship to Reconstruction.
  • f. Analyze how the presidential election of 1876
    and the subsequent compromise of 1877 marked the
    end of Reconstruction

3
The Reconstruction Era
  • What lasting consequences arose from the
    struggles over Reconstruction?

4
Rival Plans for ReconstructionSection 1
  • How did the Radical Republicans plans for
    Reconstruction differ from Lincolns and
    Johnsons?
  • Vocabulary
  • Reconstruction black code
  • Radical Republican impeach
  • Civil Rights Act of 1866 Wade-Davis Bill
  • Freedmens Bureau Andrew Johnson
  • Fourteenth Amendment
  • Fifteenth Amendment

5
Rival Plans for Reconstruction
The Issues of Reconstruction   Main Idea During
the era of Reconstruction (18651877), the
federal government struggled with how to return
the eleven southern states to the Union, rebuild
the Souths ruined economy, and promote the
rights of former slaves. Lincoln Sets a
Moderate Course Main Idea Even while the war
was in progress, Union politicians had debated
programs for repairing the nations political
structure and economy. For President Lincoln, one
of the first major goals was to reunify the
nation. Johnsons Reconstruction Plan Main
Idea Lincolns death thrust his Vice President,
Andrew Johnson, into the presidency. Like
Lincoln, Johnson wanted to restore the political
status of the southern states as quickly as
possible. However, Johnson was against federal
intervention to advance African American
political and civil rights. This caused
significant tension with Congress. Congressional
Reconstruction Main Idea As violence against
African Americans in the South increased,
moderate and Radical Republicans blamed the
rising tide of lawlessness on Johnsons lenient
policies. For the first time ever, with the
required two-thirds majority, Congress passed
major legislation over a Presidents veto. The
Civil Rights Act of 1866 became law.
6
Think About It
  • Why did the implementation of truly radical
    measures during Reconstruction fail to truly help
    southern Blacks while thoroughly angering and
    alienating southern whites?
  • So
  • Was Reconstruction a success or was
    Reconstruction a failure??

7
Presidential ReconstructionSection 1
  • Reconstruction was the federal governments
    attempt to repair the damage to the South after
    the Civil War
  • Occurred from 1865 to 1877
  • Controversial
  • Had mixed results

8
Results of the Civil War
  • The entire country was impacted by the war
  • The North
  • Lost 364k Federal soldiers including 38k African
    Americans
  • The South
  • Lost 260k Confederate soldiers
  • 1/5 of all white men in region

9
Southerners Hardships
  • Black Southerners
  • 4 million freed slaves with little or no skills
    or education
  • Homeless and jobless
  • Plantation owners
  • Lost slave labor that amounted to 3 billion
  • Lost seized plantation land- 100 million
  • Poor white southerners
  • Could not find new jobs
  • Moved North if possible

10
Federal Governments DilemmaWhat to do About the
South??
  • Lincoln's Plan
  • Pardon any Southerner who pledged allegiance to
    the United States
  • But denied pardons to officials who had killed
    African American war prisoners
  • Permitted states to hold a new constitutional
    convention AFTER 10 of voters had sworn
    allegiance to the US
  • After state constitutions were accepted, voting
    rights would be reestablished

11
Transparency Rebuilding the Union
Rebuilding the Union
TRANSPARENCY
12
The Radical Republicans
  • Most northerners in Congress were Republicans and
    opposed to slavery
  • They now wanted to punish the South
  • Saw Lincolns plan as too forgiving
  • Congress Plan was to totally reconstruct
    southern society and guarantee southern blacks
    equality
  • Passed own plan- The Wade- Davis Act
  • Lincoln used pocket-veto to kill bill

13
The Death of a President
  • Did not live to see the peace he helped to create
  • Conspirators and southern sympathizers plotted
    against the president
  • Died in office on April 14, 1865

14
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15
Lincoln - Kennedy Coincidences
9) The first name of Lincoln's private secretary
was John, the last      name of Kennedy's
private secretary was Lincoln. 10) John Wilkes
Booth was born in 1839 according to some
sources Lee Harvey Oswald was born in 1939, one
hundred years later. 11) Both assassins were
Southerners who held extremist views. 12) Both
assassins were murdered before they could be
brought to trial. 13) Booth shot Lincoln in a
theater and fled to a warehouse. Oswald      
 shot Kennedy from a warehouse and fled to a
theater. 14) Lincoln and KENNEDY each has 7
letters. 15) ANDREW JOHNSON and LYNDON JOHNSON
each has 13 letters. 16) JOHN Wilkes BOOTH and
LEE HARVEY OSWALD each has 15 letters. 17) A
Lincoln staffer Miss Kennedy told him not to go
to the Theater.  A Kennedy       staffer Miss
Lincoln, told him not to go to Dallas.
  • 1) Lincoln was elected in 1860, Kennedy in 1960,
    100 years apart
  • 2) Both men were deeply involved in civil rights
    for African Americans.
  • 3) Both men were assassinated on a Friday, in the
    presence of
  •     their wives.
  • 4) Each wife had lost a child while living at the
    White House.
  • 5) Both men were killed by a bullet that entered
    the head from behind.
  • 6) Lincoln was killed in Ford's Theater. Kennedy
    met his death while
  •      riding in a Lincoln convertible made by the
    Ford Motor Company.
  • 7) Both men were succeeded by vice-presidents
    named Johnson who were
  •      southern Democrats and former senators.
  • 8) Andrew Johnson was born in 1808. Lyndon
    Johnson was born in 1908,
  •      exactly one hundred years later.

16
Strange.But True???
17
President Andrew Johnson
  • Not well liked by either side
  • Only Southern senator to remain in Congress after
    Secession
  • Created own plan for Reconstructing the South

Political Cartoon, Johnson Antagonizes
Washington
18
Johnsons Plan
  • Pardon all Southerners who swore allegiance to
    US
  • Permitted each southern state to hold a
    constitutional convention without Lincolns 10
    requirement
  • Former Confederate states had to void secession,
    abolish slavery, and ratify 13th Amendment
  • Then elections could be held and statehood
    resumed

19
Like Adding Fuel to the Fire
  • Johnsons Plan vs. Lincoln's Plan
  • Johnsons was more generous to the South
  • Created anger and resentment in Congress
  • Congress decided to make own plan
  • The Radical Republicans were born

20
Congress Plan
  1. Put the South under military rule
  2. Order southern states to hold new elections for
    constitutional delegates
  3. Required all states to allow African- Americans
    the right to vote
  4. Temporarily barred former Confederates from
    voting
  5. Required southern states to guarantee equal
    rights for all citizens
  6. Required all states ratify the 14th Amendment

21
Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING
22
A Showdown Between Two Branches of Government!
  • A constitutional crisis occurred when the
    Congress plan was pitted against the Presidents
    plan
  • Two powerful Senators led the charge against
    President Johnson
  • Charles Sumner- MA senator and abolitionist
  • Thaddeus Stevens- PA senator and power player

23
Executive versus Legislative
  • President Johnson tried to fire Secretary of War
    Edwin Stanton
  • The Radical Republicans tried to block the firing
    using the new Tenure of Office Act
  • Provisions of the Act
  • Took power away from the President
  • The hiring and firing of Cabinet secretaries had
    to approved by Congress
  • The title of Commander-in-Chief was also removed!

24
Decision Point Who Controls the Readmission of
States?
Who Controls the Readmission of States?
DECISION POINT
25
Thank God Almighty Im Free At Last!
  • Southern blacks celebrated their freedom as the
    politicians decided how to proceed with punishing
    the South
  • Freedom of Movement
  • Freedom to Own Land
  • Freedom to Worship
  • Freedom to Learn

26
Quick Study Freedmens Bureau Schools, 1865-1870
Freedmens Bureau Schools, 1865-1870
QUICK STUDY
27
The Freedmans Bureau
  • Created in March 1865 as a relief agency for
    newly freed slaves or Freedmen
  • Was intended to offer assistance in housing,
    education, and citizenship
  • Was not completely successfully in any of these
    areas (due to corruption and mismanagement)
  • Did issue twenty million rations of food,
    established 50 hospitals, set up 4,330 schools
    and helped establish the first Black colleges.

28
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29
The 14th and 15th Amendments
  • Congress was concerned about these abuses and
    decided to add civil rights to the US
    Constitution
  • 14th Amendment- Granted citizenship and equal
    protection to all African Americans
  • 15th Amendment- Gave the right to vote to all
    African American males over the age of 21
  • Both amendments have had far reaching effects in
    the 19th-20th and 21st centuries

30
Reconstruction in the SouthSection 2
  • What were the immediate effects of
    Reconstruction?
  • Vocabulary
  • scalawag share-tenancy
  • carpetbagger tenant farming
  • segregation Ku Klux Klan
  • integration Enforcement Acts
  • sharecropping

31
Sec 2 Reconstruction in the South
Reconstruction in the South
Republican Governments Bring Change Main Idea
The Republican Party dominated Confederate
states newly established governments and
consisted of black men, men who previously lacked
access to politics, and northerners who moved to
the south to make their fortunes. The Republicans
succeeded at helping to shape a public school
system but failed to support womens
suffrage. Freed People Build New
Communities Main Idea For the first time, many
African American men and women could legalize and
celebrate their marriages, create homes for their
families, and make choices about where they would
reside. However, their choices were restricted by
black codes that limited what work they might do.
Life presented new problems and opportunities.
Remaking the Southern Economy Main Idea Many
of the Souths problems resulted from the uneven
distribution of land. After the war, the millions
of landless southern white people were competing
with millions of landless black people for work
as farm laborers on the land of
others. Continued
32
Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING
33
The Life of a Freedman
  • The South was desperate for workers
  • Most former slaves who could leave did
  • Most who stayed in South became sharecroppers or
    tenant farmers
  • Worked another persons land
  • Had free or reduced rent in exchange for tending
    crops
  • Received part of profit- if any was made

34
Economic Effects on South
  • The labor force changed
  • Cotton harvest changed from 90 slave labor to
    40 white tenant farmers
  • Emphasis now on cash crops
  • Cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane rather than food
  • The South became dependent upon imports of food
  • Cycle of debt was established
  • Poverty in all classes and races
  • Rise of merchant class in South
  • New stores sold goods on credit

35
Transparency The Cycle of Sharecropping
The Cycle of Sharecropping
TRANSPARENCY
36
Black Codes
  • After Southern states met Johnsons requirements
    they one-by-one rolled back civil rights laws
  • Many southern states instituted Black Codes as a
    way of getting around requirements
  • Set curfews, created vagrancy laws, set year-long
    contract minimums, limited black womens right to
    work, restricted renting to cities

37
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38
Quick Study Major Reconstruction Legislation
1865-1870
Major Reconstruction Legislation, 1865-1870
QUICK STUDY
39
Andrew Johnson Cartoons
40
Johnson as Caesar Treason is a crime and must
be punished"
41
The 1st Presidential Impeachment
  • The House of Representatives filed charges of
    impeachment against Johnson
  • The House voted yes
  • The Senate held a trial and Johnson was found
    not guilty by one vote
  • Was not convicted
  • Kept his office
  • Established the precedent that high crimes and
    misdemeanors were needed to remove a president

42
The Republican South
  • Not everyone in the South was a Democrat
  • Northerners who moved South to take advantage of
    the situation for profit were called
    carpetbaggers
  • Even more hated were the Scalawags
  • Southerners who joined the Republican party or
    who were former Whigs

43
Analyzing Political Cartoons The Burden of
Reconstruction
Analyzing Political Cartoons The Burden of
Reconstruction
TRANSPARENCY
44
Chart Sharecropping Cycle of Poverty
Sharecropping Cycle of Poverty
CHART
45
Map Percentage of sharecropped farms by county
Percentage of sharecropped farms by county
MAP
46
Terror Groups
  • White Southerners unhappy with their new way of
    life created political clubs to complain about
    politics
  • These soon evolved into terrorist groups
  • KKK, The Knights of the White Camilla
  • Used tactics such as intimidation, threats, and
    violence against freedmen, carpetbaggers, and
    scalawags
  • Effective at stopping progression in South

47
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48
Stopping the Klan
  • President Grant requested that Congress pass a
    series of laws outlawing hate groups and their
    tactics
  • The Enforcement Act of 1870
  • Used federal troops to stop the violence, but
    once the troops withdrew the terror started again

49
President Ulysses S. Grant
50
The End of ReconstructionSection 3
  • How and why did Reconstruction end?
  • Vocabulary
  • Redeemer
  • Rutherford B. Hayes
  • Compromise of 1877

51
The End of Reconstruction
The Nation Considers Other Matters   Main Idea
Aside from the long-standing issue of regional
strife, other social, political, and economic
issues cried out for attention. Why Did
Reconstruction End? Main Idea Ever since the
Radical Republicans failed to convict President
Johnson, their power and crusading zeal had
faded. By 1871, a generation of white reformers,
forged by abolitionist fervor and eager to
participate in the national politics of
Reconstruction, had passed away. Without such
leaders to temper it, northern racial prejudice
reemerged. Evaluating Reconstructions
Effects Main Idea Reconstruction failed to heal
the bitterness between North and South or to
provide lasting protection for freed people.
However, it did raise African Americans
expectations of their right to citizenship, and
it placed before Americans the meaning and value
of the right to vote.
52
Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING
53
Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING
54
Birth of Industrial South
  • Growth of southern cities
  • Atlanta, Nashville, Memphis, Dallas, Montgomery,
    Little Rock
  • Some areas became industrial
  • Birmingham AL- steel production
  • However, the majority of Southerners remained
    dependent upon agriculture for their livelihood

55
The End of Reconstruction
  • Most Americans had become tired of Reconstruction
    by the mid-1870s- Why?
  • The country had gone into debt
  • Reconstruction programs became known for greed
    and corruption
  • Southerners had gained back control in most
    Southern states (it took longer in GA!)
  • Southern states began to block legislation in
    Congress again
  • Many Northern voters did not support the Radical
    Republicans idea of full equality for blacks
  • An economic recession turned public opinion away
    from the movement for equal rights

56
The Solid South is Born
  • When the Southern states all were readmitted they
    began to vote in a Democratic block
  • White Southern Democrats were elected who blocked
    new legislation

57
The Election of 1876
  • Republican Rutherford B. Hayes lost the popular
    vote to Democrat Samuel Tilden
  • Congress was forced to settle the election
  • The vote went to Hayes when he promised to end
    Reconstruction
  • The Compromise of 1877
  • Gave the South control of own states

58
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59
Compromise, Indeed!
60
Successes of Reconstruction
  1. Union was rebuilt and South was rebuilt
  2. Economic growth was established in the South
  3. The 14th and 15th Amendments granted rights to
    freedmen
  4. The Freedmans Bureau helped many newly freed
    slaves with a fresh start
  5. Mandatory education was started in South

61
Failures of Reconstruction
  • Most blacks remained poor and uneducated
  • Terror groups were formed
  • Racist attitudes continued in both the North and
    South
  • Southern infrastructure and economies lagged far
    behind the North
  • Many problems remained unaddressed
  • Women, labor unions, and farmers fearful of the
    coming of the railroads

62
Think About ItAgain!
  • Why did the implementation of truly radical
    measures during Reconstruction fail to truly help
    southern Blacks while thoroughly angering and
    alienating southern whites?
  • So
  • Was Reconstruction a success or was
    Reconstruction a failure??

63
Transparency The Effects of Reconstruction
The Effects of Reconstruction
TRANSPARENCY
64
Chart African Americans Elected to the U.S.
Congress
African Americans Elected to the U.S. Congress
CHART
65
Effects of Reconstruction
QUICK STUDY
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