Preview

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The Age of Napoleon

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Disaster and Defeat
• Map Russian Campaign,1812
• The Last Campaigns
• The Congress of Vienna
• Map Europe after the Congress of Vienna

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Napoleons Fall and Europes Reaction

• Preview, continued
• The Revolutions Legacy
• Faces of History Prince Klemens von Metternich
• Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
• Video The Impact of the French Revolution

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Napoleons Europe
Main Idea Napoleon Bonaparte rose through
military ranks to become emperor over France and
much of Europe.

• Reading Focus
• How did Napoleon rise to power?
• How did Emperor Napoleon come to dominate Europe?
• What were Napoleons most important policies?

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The French Revolution and Napoleon

• Section 4 The Age of Napoleon

Witness History Audio Enter Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Rises to Power
Napoleon was a military hero to the French and
moved from being a general to being a member of a
three-man Consulate who ruled France. Through
votes by French citizens, he then rose to First
Consul and eventually to Emperor.
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Napoleons Rise to Power
Napoleon Bonaparte, ruthlessly ambitious, rose
from army captain to ruler of France in a very
short time. He took advantage of the turmoil of
the French Revolution.
Napoleon promised order and stability, pledging
to uphold key reforms. The French gave up some
freedoms for peace and prosperity.
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Summarize What events led to Napoleons rise to
power?
Answer(s) stopped royalists from regaining
power, defended French interior, won battles in
Italy, kept borders secure, won territory for
France, covered up Battle of Nile, coup d'état
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The French Revolution and Napoleon

• Section 4 The Age of Napoleon

Napoleon Reforms France
Napoleons government valued order and authority.
He made reforms to improve the economy and made
peace with the Catholic Church. He also
instituted a new code of laws that recognized the
equality of all citizens under the law.
Witness History Audio The British Against
Napoleon
Color Transparency 108 Bonaparte Crossing the
Alps at the Grand-St.-Bernard, by Jacques Louis
David
Note Taking Transparency 78
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Emperor Napoleon

• Once France under control, Napoleon turned to
  Europe
• Napoleon crowns himself
• Submitted a plebiscite before voters
• Emperor Napoleon I
• Desire for empire
• Wanted to rule Europe and the Americas
• French expedition to Saint Domingue (Haiti today)
  failed
• Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory and turned his
  focus to Europe

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Napoleons Policies

• Church-State Relations
• Antireligious nature of French Revolution over
• Concordat recognized influence of Roman Catholic
  Church

• Economic Reforms
• Established the Bank of France to regulate
  economy
• More efficient tax-collection system

• Legal and Educational
• Napoleonic Code developed
• Order and authority over individual rights
• Schools for government and military positions

• LegacyAge of Napoleon
• Democratic ideas
• Equality before law, representative system
• Spread of nationalism

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The French Revolution and Napoleon

• Section 4 The Age of Napoleon

Napoleon Builds an Empire
Napoleons armies invaded and annexed the
Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and
Germany. In lands he didnt control militarily,
he tried to place friends and relatives in
positions of power. Britain, however,
successfully resisted Napoleons actions through
the force of its navy.
Geography Interactive Napoleons Power in
Europe, 1812
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Quest to Conquer Europe

• Napoleonic Wars Begin
• Extension of wars fought during the French
  Revolution, would last a decade
• France dominant power in Europe
• French empire grew rapidly, but fell apart more
  quickly
• Nelson and British navy won Battle of Trafalgar
  off coast of Spain
• Napoleon defeated Russian and Austrian troops at
  Austerlitz

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• Bonaparte Crossing the Alps at the
  Grand-St.-Bernard, by Jacques Louis David

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Napoleon Dominates Europe

• Mastered Most of Europe
• Through treaties, alliances, and victories in
  battle
• Controlled much of Europe by 1812

• Free of Control
• Great Britain remained an enemy
• Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire escaped
  Bonapartes grip

• Rewarded Relatives
• Relatives put in power brothers on thrones of
  Holland, Naples, and Sicily
• Sisters and stepson held powerful positions

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Summarizing What regions of Europe did Napoleon
dominate?
Answer(s) all nations except Great Britain,
Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire
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Identify Cause and Effect How did Napoleons
reforms affect French society?
Answer(s) Napoleon made some basic revolutionary
ideas part of the French government.
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The French Revolution and Napoleon

• Section 4 The Age of Napoleon

Napoleons Empire Faces Challenges
When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, other
countries began to revolt against French
occupation and culture. There were not enough
soldiers to secure each territory and strike at
Russia. To make matters worse, Russian troops had
burned crops and villages along the French route,
leaving them without food or shelter during the
brutal winter.
Witness History Video Napoleons Lost Army
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Disaster and Defeat

• Portugal
• Napoleon surprised by inability to control
  Portugal
• Peninsular campaign was a failure

• Russia
• Czar Nicholas I didnt like French troops on
  western border
• Russia hurt by Continental System country needed
  imports

• Costly Mistake
• Napoleon turned east in 1812
• Hoped to teach Russia a lesson

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The Russian Campaign

• June 1812
• Napoleon and army of 600,000 troops
• Marched across Russian border

• French Army
• New recruits with no loyalty
• Supplies lost or spoiled
• Disease, desertion, and hunger

• No One to Fight
• Russian troops pulled east
• French victory at Borodino, but Russian army
  still strong
• Pushed to Moscow but found city in flames

• Retreat Homeward
• Ruined city, no winter supplies
• Starvation and freezing temperatures decimated
  army
• Only 94,000 men survived

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Identify Cause and Effect What factors
contributed to Napoleons failure in Russia?
Answer(s) soldiers lacked loyalty to Napoleon,
extreme heat, supplies lost or spoiled, disease,
desertion, hunger, Russian troops withdrew, harsh
Russian winter
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Napoleons Fall and Europes Reaction
Main Idea After defeating Napoleon, the European
allies sent him into exile and held a meeting in
Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe.

• Reading Focus
• What events caused disaster and defeat for
  Napoleon?
• What were Napoleons last campaigns?
• What did the Congress of Vienna achieve?
• What is the legacy of the French Revolution?

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The French Revolution and Napoleon

• Section 4 The Age of Napoleon

Napoleon Falls from Power
Frances Russian disaster gave birth to the
alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria, and
Prussia. They defeated France in 1813. Napoleon
was sent into exile on the island of Elba, and
the monarchy was restored in France. Napoleon
then escaped Elba and returned to rule for a
short time, until his troops were beaten again in
battle. He died while in exile on the island of
St. Helena, but his conquests helped to spread
the ideas of the French revolution throughout
Europe and Russia.
Color Transparency 111 Two Kings of Terror
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Defeat and Exile to Elba

• Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain
  allied against France
• Napoleon raised another army, but troops
  inexperienced
• In October 1813 Napoleon defeated at Battle of
  the Nations near Leipzig
• In March 1814, victorious allies entered Paris.
• Terms of surrenderNapoleon gave up throne and
  went into exile on tiny island of Elba

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The Last Campaigns

• The Hundred Days
• French monarchy restored with King Louis XVIII
• King unpopular Napoleon returns after year in
  exile
• Louis panicked and fled Napoleon declared outlaw
  by allies
• Paris cheered Napoleons return
• Brief period of renewed glory-the Hundred Days

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The Last Campaigns

• Louis XVIII restored to the throne by coalition
  forces
• Tried to escape capture from the British (to the
  U.S.), sent to exile in Saint Helena
• Volcanic island in South Atlantic
• Remained imprisoned for six years
• Died at 51 cause of death never determined

• Duke of Wellington led final confrontation
• Battle of Waterloo
• British and Prussian armies
• Crushing defeat for Napoleon
• End of the Napoleonic Wars
• The responsibility for this disaster laid with
  the Emperor himself
• -He was probably already very sick by then
  and there were some undeniable signs of
  deterioration in his overall ability. -He had
  become arrogant and overconfident in his own
  abilities.
• -The Napoleon of before 1815 would not have
  lost this battle.

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• The Two Kings of Terror

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Draw Conclusions How was Napoleon able to escape
exile in Elba and return to command the French
army?
Answer(s) hired a ship to return him to France
and won the support of people and the army
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The French Revolution and Napoleon

• Section 4 The Age of Napoleon

Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna
At the Congress of Vienna, European leaders tried
to create a lasting peace by placing strong
countries around France and by protecting the
system of monarchy. Austria, Russia, Prussia, and
Great Britain maintained their alliance.
Nationalism, however, would come back to haunt
Europe soon enough.
Color Transparency 112 Europe After the Congress
of Vienna
Geography Interactive Europe After the Congress
of Vienna, 1815
QuickTake Section Quiz
Progress Monitoring Transparency
QuickTake Section Quiz
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The Congress of Vienna

• Negotiators
• Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain
• Czar Alexander I of Russia
• Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria
• Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France

• Metternich
• Distrusted democracy and political change
• Dominated the congress, wanted to restore the
  balance of power

• Goals for Other Decision Makers
• Make sure France could not rise again to such
  power
• Put down revolution wherever it might appear
• Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleons
  rule

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Redrawing the Map

• National borders
• Congress changed many borders
• Wanted to strengthen nations surrounding France

• New Countries
• Union of the Dutch Republic and the Austrian
  Netherlands as the Kingdom of the Netherlands
• Austria and 38 German states in German
  Confederation

• Process
• Countries that aided France lost territory
• Countries that fought France gained territory
• Talleyrand arranged trades

• Frances loss
• Was not allowed to keep any conquered territory
• Boundaries back to 1792
• Forced to pay indemnity, or compensation for
  damages

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• Restoring Monarchies
• Napoleon had eliminated royal control in many
  countries.
• Members of the old Bourbon royal family were
  returned to the thrones of Spain and Sicily.
• Monarchies were restored in Portugal and Sardinia.

• Metternichs Influence
• His reactionary attitudes influenced politics and
  society.
• Wanting a return to absolute monarchy, he
  despised constitutions, voting rights, and
  freedom of religion and the press.
• Liberal ideas were suppressed in Austria, the
  German states, and northern Italy.

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• Color Transparency 112 Europe After the Congress
  of Vienna

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Summarize What were the main goals of the
Congress of Vienna?
Answer(s) restore order, stability, and balance
of power ensure France could not rise again
suppress revolution
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The Revolutions Legacy

• Was the French Revolution a failure?
• After Congress of Vienna, monarchs ruled again
• Citizens rights restricted
• Nobles returned to their previous lifestyles
• French Revolution changed Europe
• Monarchies no longer secure
• Common people learned they could change the world
• Ideals of human dignity, personal liberty, and
  equality
• Enlightenment crossed the Atlantic to Latin
  America, eventually inspired political movements
  in Asia and Africa

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Draw Conclusions Why could it be said that the
French Revolution is still being fought today?
Answer(s) People still fight for the basic
ideals of liberty and equality.
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VideoThe Impact of the French Revolution
Click above to play the video.
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The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4

• Progress Monitoring Transparency

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