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?57La

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Title: ?57La


1
??3??
??? ???????
??? ??????????
(????)
2
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3
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4
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?1??2 ???
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?2??8 ???
?3??8 ???
?4??18 ???
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?5??18 ???
?6??32 ???
(??)
?57La ?71Lu ?15 ????????
?????
?7??26???
?89Ac ?103Lr ?15 ????????
???? ????(???)
5
????????????
??
?A , ?A , ?A , ?A ,?A , ?A , ?A
?????
??
?B , ?B , ?B , ?B ,?B , ?B , ?B
?
?????
(??)
?VIII ?
????(8?9?10),??? B ??B??
??????
??
???????????????????
6
??1.???????56?????????_____???_______?,??????????
??????( ) A????????????????? B????????????? C?
???????????????? D?????????????????
?
?A
B
Ba1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p66s2
7
  • 2.????A?????????x,??????A?????????( )
  • A ??x1
  • B ???x8?x18
  • C ???x2
  • D ???x1?x11?x25

D
8
????????????????,?????
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???? ????
?????? ??????
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(??)?????? ????
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9
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??? ???? ?? ?????????
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3
1s22s1?He2s1
11
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1s22s22p63s1?Ne3s1
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19
1s22s22p63s23p64s1?Ar4s1
?
37
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p65s1?Kr5s1
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1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p66s1?Xe6s1
55
10
????
1.?????????????
(1)?????,?????,??????????(??????)? ________,
????????______,????????????? ___________,
?????????????He?1s2 ?,????__________.
???
ns1
????
ns2np6
(2)????????????????????????_____ _.
???
11
(3)?????????????????????????,?????????????????
????????
??????????????????????????????????
?? ???? ?????????? ???????
1 1s
2 2s 2p
3 3s 3p
4 4s 3d 4p
5 5s 4d 5p
6 6s 4f 5d 6p
7 7s 5f 6d ??
2
2 8 8 18 18 32 ??
8
8
18
18
32
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12
???????????,?????????????????,????????????
?,????????????????,??????????????????,????????????
????????????????
13
2.????????????
???????????????????,??????????????????????
?,?????????,???????,?????????????????
14
  • ?????18???,??????He(1s2)???????ns2np6???,????,????
    ?????????????
  • ????????????????? ?????????????(n-1)d
    ns?? ??????

15
????? ????????????????????????,???????????
????
3.?????,????????????5??,(?ds??????????????????????
??)???????,??????????????????
  • ?????s??d??ds??????

16
? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
? ? ? ? ? ? ?A-?A ?B-? ?B-?B ?A-?A 0?
1 2 1s1 1s2
2 8 2s1-2 2s22p1 -5 2s22p6
3 8 3s1-2 3s23p1 -5 3s23p6
4 18 4s1-2 3d1-84s2 3d104s1-2 4s24p1 -5 4s24p6
5 18 5s1-2 4d1-85s2 4d105s1-2 5s25p1 -5 5s25p6
6 32 6s1-2 4f1-146s2 5d1-106s2 5d106s1-2 6s26p1 -5 6s26p6
17
? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
? ? ? ? ? ? ?A-?A ?B-? ?B-?B ?A-?A 0?
1 2 1s1
2 8 2s1-2 2s22p1 -5 2s22p6
3 8 3s1-2 3s23p1 -5 3s23p6
4 18 4s1-2 3d1-84s2 3d104s1-2 4s24p1 -5 4s24p6
5 18 5s1-2 4d1-85s2 4d105s1-2 5s25p1 -5 5s25p6
6 32 6s1-2 4f1-146s2 5d1-106s2 5d106s1-2 6s26p1 -5 6s26p6
1S2
18
? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
? ? ? ? ? ? ?A-?A ?B-? ?B-?B ?A-?A 0?
1 2 1s1 1s2
2 8 2s1-2 2s22p1 -5 2s22p6
3 8 3s1-2 3s23p1 -5 3s23p6
4 18 4s1-2 3d1-84s2 3d104s1-2 4s24p1 -5 4s24p6
5 18 5s1-2 4d1-85s2 4d105s1-2 5s25p1 -5 5s25p6
6 32 6s1-2 4f1-146s2 5d1-106s2 5d106s1-2 6s26p1 -5 6s26p6
19
? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
? ? ? ? ? ? ?A-?A ?B-? ?B-?B ?A-?A 0?
1 2 1S1 1S2
2 8 2S1-2 2S22p1 -5 2S22p6
3 8 3S1-2 3S23p1 -5 3S23p6
4 18 4S1-2 3d1-84s2 3d104s1-2 4S24p1 -5 4S24p6
5 18 5S1-2 4d1-85s2 4d105s1-2 5S25p1 -5 5S25p6
6 32 6S1-2 4f1-146s2 5d1-106s2 5d106s1-2 6S26p1 -5 6S26p6
20
? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
? ? ? ? ? ? ?A-?A ?B-? ?B-?B ?A-?A 0?
1 2 1s1
2 8 2s1-2 2s22p1 -5 2s22p6
3 8 3s1-2 3s23p1 -5 3s23p6
4 18 4s1-2 3d1-84s2 3d104s1-2 4s24p1 -5 4s24p6
5 18 5s1-2 4d1-85s2 4d105s1-2 5s25p1 -5 5s25p6
6 32 6s1-2 4f1-146s2 5d1-106s2 5d106s1-2 6s26p1 -5 6s26p6
1S2
21
??????????
?A ?A 0
1 ?A ?A ?A ?A ?A ?A
2 p? p? p? p? p? p?
3 s? s? s? ?B ?B ?B ?B ?B ?B ?B ? ? ?B ?B p? p? p? p? p? p?
4 s? s? s? d? d? d? d? d? d? d? d? d? ds? ds? p? p? p? p? p? p?
5 s? s? s? d? d? d? d? d? d? d? d? d? ds? ds? p? p? p? p? p? p?
6 s? s? s? d? d? d? d? d? d? d? d? d? ds? ds? p? p? p? p? p? p?
7 s? s? s? d? d? d? d? d? d? d? d? d? ds? ds? p? p? p? p? p? p?

?? f?
?? f?
22
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23
s???
??1?????? ???,??????? ? ,??????
?,?? ? ?,???? ,????????  ?
????
ns
ns1
ns2
?A
?A
?
????
1
2
24
p???
??1?????? ???,?????? ,????? ?,??
???????? ???
np
ns2np16
?
?A?A???
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25
s??p?????????1??????? ,????,??????????????
?????,s??p???????????
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26
d???
(n-1)d18ns2
?????????? ,??1??????????
???,??????????????? ,???????,?????????
????
(n-1)d
??
?B?
27
ds???
??????? ,????d???
?,???????12??????????s?,????d?,??ds?,???
?,?????d??p???????? ,???????
(n-1)d10ns12
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?B??B
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28
f???
??1??????f???,??????(n-2)f014ns2,?(n
2)f014?(n-1)d02ns2,??????????(??14???)?
29
??
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???? ????? ????
s?
p?
d?
ds?
f?
ns1?ns2
?A??A?
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ns2np16
?A??
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?B??
????
(n-1)d18ns2
????
?B??B?
(n-1)d10ns12
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(n-2)f014ns2
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30
3.(??)?????????????
?????
ns1?2
s?
(?IA???IIA?)
d?
(?IIIB???VIIB? ??VIII?)
(n-1)d1?9ns1?2
?
ds?
(?IB???IIB?)
(n-1)d10ns1?2
p?
(?IIIA???VIIA??0?)
ns2np1?6
31
???
1.???????????????
2.???????????????????????????(??)?
3.?????????????????????????????
32
1. ???????????????
?????????????????????,??,?????????????
2.???????????????????????????(??)?????????????????
?????????????
?????????????????????????????,???????,?????????
???????,???????????????,???????????????????????
?????????????????????????,???????????,??,???????
??????????
33
?????????????25,??????????????,??????????????????
?? ? 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d54s2 ?
Ar 3d54s2 n4, ?????? ?
?????????d??? 7 ? ?VIIB?
3d?????,???d ????
34
????
1???????????????????A?????????????????????????????
?????????
????A?, 4d??????,????????5s25p4?
?????Kr4d105s25p4
?P?
35
2.?????????????3d54s2,?????????????
????,?B??
3.???32????????????
Ar3d104s24p2
????,?A?
4.????????,?A????????????????
Ne3s23p2,?14???
36
? ?
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1??????????????
???????
2?????????????
???????????????? ????
?????????(n-1)dns? ???????
3??????????????
5??s??d??ds??p??f??
37
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