The Sick Man of Europe

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The "Sick Man of Europe" 1600s - 1938
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The Ottoman Empire Expands
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The Luxurious Lifestyle of the Sultans in Topkapi
Palace
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Topkapi Palace Model
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The Actual Topkapi Palace
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Topkapi Harem
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Its Good to Be the Sultan!
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Topkapi Fruit Room
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Topkapis GreatCraftsmenship
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The Gradual Loss of Territory 18c 19c
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The Decline of the Empire 18c
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From Empire (Ottoman) to Nation (Turkey)

• Ottomans weakened by internal strife
• Succession of weak rulers (sultans)
• Power struggles (Janissaries, officials, elite
  factions)
• Corrupt provincial officials and ayan
• Position of artisans declines as a western goods
  flood the markets (wide scale urban riots)
• Armies lack important resources
• Foreign empires (exRussian) make grabs at
  outlying territory

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Reform and Survival

• The Sick Man of Europe
• managed to stave off total decline
• series of reforms--move into the 20th c.
• European nations concerned about potential
  collapse could impact the balance of power in
  Europe.

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Reform and Survival

• The Sick Man of Europe, as the Ottoman Empire
  comes to be known, managed to stave off total
  decline through a series of reforms that allowed
  it to move into the 20th century under its own
  regime.
• European nations are concerned about how the
  potential collapse of the Ottomans could impact
  the balance of power in Europe.
• Ex. Great Britain props up Ottomans to keep
  Russia from controlling the strategic port city
  of Istanbul (Constantinople)

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Reform Comes From Within (in stages)

• Stage 1 Modest Reform (18th century)
• Sultan Selim III
• Stage 2 Reforms Continue (1826)
• Sultan Mahmud II
• Stage 3 The Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876)

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Reform Comes From Within (in stages)

• Stage 1 Modest Reform (18th century)
• Sultan Selim III introduces new tech. (printing
  press) seeks greater bureaucratic efficiency
• Result Angers Janissaries factions within the
  bureaucracy
• Stage 2 Reforms Continue (1826)
• Sultan Mahmud II creates a rival army to break
  Janissary power and also breaks ayan power
• Farther-reaching reforms are based on western
  precedents
• Stage 3 The Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876)
• Reorganizes large sections of society on along
  western lines

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Greek War for Independence 1821-1832
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Crimean War 1854-1856
The Sick Man of Europe!
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The Sick Man Dies

• 1908 coup
• immediate problems
• Ottoman Empire ends in 1914

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The Sick Man Dies

• 1908 coup is supported by the military, who
  introduce many reforms (education, status of
  women, etc.) but there are immediate problems
• Factional fighting
• Outbreak of WWI
• Continued subjugation of Arab portions of the
  empire
• Ottoman Empire ends in 1914

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Crisis in Arab Islamic Heartlands

• Crisis in Arab portions of the empire was the
  same
• preferred rule by fellow Muslims to control by
  Western powers
• crisis creates fears about staving off the West

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Crisis in Arab Islamic Heartlands

• Crisis in Arab portions of the empire was the
  same rejection or adoption of western ways?
• While Arabs resented Ottoman Turkish rule, they
  preferred rule by fellow Muslims to control by
  Western powers.
• Ottoman crisis creates fears about staving off
  the West

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Video

• http//www.archive.org/details/TheFallOfTheOttoman
  Empire

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The Ottoman Empire in 1914
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Sultan Abdul Hamid II 1876-1909
The Last Ottoman Emperor!
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Repression Revolt

• New reforms dont appease westerners and their
  supporters while also upsetting conservative
  ulamas and ayans.
• SO.Sultan Abdul Hamid (1878-1908) attempts to
  create order through absolute rule
• His rule ends in a bloodless coup supported by
  the Ottoman Society for Union Progress (Young
  Turks) whose goal was to restore the 1876
  constitution

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The Young Turks Revolt 1908

• The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP).

• Enver Pasha
• Minister of War
• Ottoman Commander- in-Chief

• Mehmet Talaat
• Grand Vizier, 1917-1918

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The Young Turks Program

• Pushed for reforms ? basic democratic rights
• freedom of speech.
• freedom of assembly.
• freedom of the press.
• Problem of nationalism within (heterogeneous
  empire).

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Two Armed Camps
Central Powers
Allied Powers
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World War I Alliances 1914-1918
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Europeans Carve Up the Ottoman Empire After WW1
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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)

• Republican Peoples Party Goals
• 1924 ? abolished the caliphate

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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)

• Republican Peoples Party Goals
• republicanism (National Assembly).
• nationalism (Turkification).
• populism (for the benefit of the people).
• statism (state-controlled economy).
• secularism (free from religious control).
• reformism.
• 1924 ? abolished the caliphate.

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Atatürks Reforms

• Turkify the Islamic faith
• Western-style clothing

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Atatürks Reforms

• Turkify the Islamic faith
• Translate the Quran into Turkish.
• Secular education.
• Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished.
• Sharia courts closed ? newsecular courts.
• Western-style clothing
• Forbid the wearing of the fez ?
• Western-style mens suits.
• Attacked the veiling of women.

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Atatürks Reforms

• Language Reform
• State Socialism
• Adoption of a Surname

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Atatürks Reforms

• Language Reform
• Roman alphabet replaced theArabic script.
• Literacy in new alphabet required for government
  positions.
• State Socialism
• State banks established to finance
  government-controlled businesses.
• Adoption of a Surname.

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Eastern Responses to Western Pressure
Responses ranged across a broad spectrum
Radical Reforms (Taiping Mahdist Rebellions)
designed to bring down the existing social order
Western educated dissidents who attempted to
build new states along Western lines
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Muhammad Ali/Fail of Westernization in Egypt

• Mamluks (Murad) to underestimate the power of
  Napoleon
• Muhammad Ali (not the boxer!) emerges as a ruler
• Descendants of Ali (khedives) rule until 1956

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Muhammad Ali/Fail of Westernization in Egypt

• Ignorance of the European world causes the
  Mamluks (Murad) to underestimate the power of
  Napoleon
• Resounding defeat of Mamluks reveals that Muslim
  armies are seriously overmatched
• After French withdrawal, Muhammad Ali (not the
  boxer!) emerges as a ruler
• Westernizes the military and attempts to
  industrialize Egypt
• Reforms are blocked by European powers who want
  to remain dominant in the Egyptian market
• Descendants of Ali (khedives) rule until 1956

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Bankruptcy, Intervention Resistance

• Khedives prove to be terrible rulers
• One important exception Suez Canal
• intellectuals/religious leaders debate the best
  way to keep Europe out

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Bankruptcy, Intervention Resistance

• Khedives prove to be terrible rulers (wasteful,
  inept and elitist)
• One important exception Suez Canal
• Makes Egypt an important strategic area to
  competitive European countries
• Weak Muslim rulers prompt Muslim
  intellectuals/religious leaders to debate the
  best way of staving off European control
• One side al-Afghani Muhammad Abduh stressed
  borrowing from the West to innovate
• Other side religious scholars said the Quran
  was the source of all truth no answers could be
  found in the West

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Jihad Mahdist Revolt

• Sudans Arabs
• Muhammhad Achmad (The Mahdi)
• Mahdi army wins control of Sudan

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Jihad Mahdist Revolt

• Sudans Arabs resent Egyptian control (centered
  in Khartoum) and later, British control
• Muhammhad Achmad (The Mahdi) leads a jihad with
  the following goals
• Purging Islam of its corrupt beliefs carried on
  by the Egyptians
• Fending off western pressure in the area
• Mahdi army wins control of Sudan
• Khalifa Abdallahi continues the fight
• British defeat the mahdi in1896