Disease as a failure of homeostasis

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Disease as a failure of homeostasis

• Disease Basics

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Disease What is it?

• Disease
• Any condition that prevents the body from working
  as it should
• Can be due to ANY of the following
• Pathogens a disease causing agent
• Bacteria and Fungi (living)
• Viruses (non living)
• Toxins a chemical substance that causes harm by
  disrupting bodily functions
• Carbon Monoxide, Asbestos exposure
• Inherited inheriting a defective gene
• Hemophilia, Cystic Fibrosis

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Disease How are contagious (pathogenic) diseases
spread?

• AIR BORNE
• FROM BEING COUGHED OR SNEEZED ON, TOUCHING
  INFECTED SURFACE, CONTAMINATED FOOD OR WATER,
  ETC
• VECTORS
• ANIMALS THAT CARRY DISEASES AND SPREAD THEM, BUT
  ARENT AFFECTED BY THEM
• MOSQUITOES MALARIA
• TICKS LYME DISEASE
• SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
• SPREAD BY SEXUAL CONTACT
• HIV, HERPES, ETC.

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Disease Fighting it

• ANTIBIOTICS
• KILL BACTERIA WITHOUT HARMING THE CELLS OF
  ANIMALS
• EXAMPLE IS PENICILLIN
• WORKS ONLY ON BACTERIA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• ANTIVIRALS
• PREVENT VIRUSES FROM INVADING CELLS AND THEN
  MULTIPLYING
• EXAMPLE IS TAMIFLU
• IMMUNE RESPONSE
• NON-SPECIFIC
• SPECIFIC
• ACTIVE IMMUNITY

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Disease as a failure of homeostasis
The Immune System
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Immunity Non-specific defenses

• FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
• SKIN MOST IMPORTANT
• PATHOGENS CANNOT PENETRATE
• WHEN BROKEN, OPENS BODY TO INFECTION
• MUCUS
• TRAP BACTERIA IN NOSE AND MOUTH
• DIGESTIVE STUFF
• ACID AND ENZYMES CAN DESTROY PATHOGENS

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Immunity Non-Specific Defenses

• SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE (INFLAMMATION)
• BLOOD VESSELS AROUND WOUND SWELL AND RELEASE
  WBCS (PHAGOCYTES)
• FEVERS ARE ALSO PART OF THIS RESPONSE
• Lets see inflammation!

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Immunity Specific Defense

• RESPONSE TRIGGERED BY AN ANTIGEN
• ORGANIC MATERIALS ON SURFACE OF PATHOGENS THAT
  BODY DOES NOT RECOGNIZE
• 3 Types of Specific Defense
• Humoral Immunity
• Cell Mediated Immunity
• Permanent Immunity

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Specific Defense Humoral Immunity

• OCCURS IN BODY LIQUIDS (LYMPH AND BLOOD)
• B LYMPHOCYTES (B CELLS) (WBCS)
• PRODUCE ANTIBODIES IN RESPONSE TO ANTIGENS
• ANTIBODIES ARE SPECIFIC TO ANTIGEN
• Y SHAPED
• CLUMPS BAD GUYS TOGETHER SO CAN BE DESTROYED BY
  PHAGOCYTE
• T LYMPHOCYTES (T CELLS) (WBCS)
• AID B CELLS IN MAKING PLASMA CELLS

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Specific Defense Cell-Mediated Immunity

• KILLER T CELLS KILL SINGLE PATHOGEN CELLS
• MAINLY FOR EUKARYOTIC INFECTIONS
• PROTISTS AND FUNGI
• MAKES BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS AND ORGAN TRANSPLANTS
  COMPLICATED
• DOCTOR LOOKS FOR CLOSEST MATCH
• PATIENT MAY BE ON IMMUNOSUPPRESSORS FOR REST OF
  LIFE WHY IS THIS DANGEROUS?

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Specific Defense Permanent Immunity

• ONCE YOU GET IT, YOU CANT GET IT AGAIN
• DUE TO MEMORY B AND MEMORY T CELLS
• WILL CONTINUE TO PRODUCE SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES

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How types of immunity produce memory cells
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Immunity Active Immunity

• EDWARD JENNER FIRST TESTED ACTIVE IMMUNITY
• BASED ON PERMANENT IMMUNITY
• VACCINES
• WEAKENED OR MILD FORM OF A PATHOGEN THAT IS
  INJECTED TO PRODUCE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
• BODY WILL THEN RECOGONIZE ANITGEN WHEN INTRODUCED
  TO FULL BLOWN PATHOGEN
• BODY WILL RESPOND VERY QUICKLY TO DESTROY PATHOGEN

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Vaccine Process
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Disease as a failure of homeostasis

• Immune System Disorders

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Immune Disorders Allergies

• IS AN OVERREACTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
• OCCURS WHEN ANTIGENS FROM ALLERGENS (POLLEN, PET
  DANDER, ETC) ATTACH TO MAST CELLS
• THIS IN TURN TRIGGERS HISTAMINES
• THESE PRODUCE SNEEZING, RUNNY NOSE AND EYES ETC.

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How an allergy is triggered
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Immune Disorders Autoimmune Disorders

• WHEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MAKES A MISTAKE AND
  ATTACKS ITS OWN BODY CELLS
• CAN BE THE RESULT OF AN INFECTION
• EXAMPLES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
• JUVENILE DIABETES
• MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)

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AIDS

• ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
• WHAT CAUSES AIDS?
• CAUSED BY THE HIV VIRUS
• HIV INFECTS HELPER T-CELLS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM AND
  DESTROYS THEM
• PERSON CAN BE INFECTED W/ HIV FOR YEARS AND NOT
  KNOW IT
• WHEN T-CELL COUNT IS LOW ENOUGH, FULL BLOWN AIDS
  IS DECLARED

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AIDS How is it contracted?

• SHARING INFECTED NEEDLES
• BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS
• UNPROTECTED SEX

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AIDS Effects of Disease

• AIDS PATIENT MORE SUSECPTIBLE TO OTHER DISEASES
  B/C IMMUNE SYSTEM DAMAGED
• PERSON DIES OF AIDS RELATED SUCH-IN-SUCH
• EXAMPLE AIDS RELATED OR INDUCED PNEUMONIA